Fix typo (#9632)

This reverts commit 27de86483d.

.ci/install.sh

@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ python3 -m pip install --only-binary=:all: pyarrow || true
 # PyQt6 doesn't support PyPy3
 if [[ $GHA_PYTHON_VERSION == 3.* ]]; then
     sudo apt-get -qq install libegl1 libxcb-cursor0 libxcb-icccm4 libxcb-image0 libxcb-keysyms1 libxcb-randr0 libxcb-render-util0 libxcb-shape0 libxkbcommon-x11-0
-    # TODO Update condition when pyqt6 supports free-threading
-    if ! [[ "$PYTHON_GIL" == "0" ]]; then python3 -m pip install pyqt6 ; fi
+    # pyqt6 doesn't yet support free-threading; only install if a wheel is available
+    python3 -m pip install --only-binary=:all: pyqt6 || true
 fi
 
 # webp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ pushd depends && ./install_imagequant.sh && popd
 pushd depends && sudo ./install_raqm.sh && popd
 
 # libavif
-pushd depends && sudo ./install_libavif.sh && popd
+pushd depends && ./install_libavif.sh && popd
 
 # extra test images
 pushd depends && ./install_extra_test_images.sh && popd

.ci/requirements-cibw.txt

@@ -1 +1 @@
-cibuildwheel==3.3.0
+cibuildwheel==3.4.1

.ci/requirements-mypy.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-mypy==1.19.0
+mypy==1.20.2
 arro3-compute
 arro3-core
 IceSpringPySideStubs-PyQt6
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ packaging
 pyarrow-stubs
 pybind11
 pytest
-sphinx
 types-atheris
 types-defusedxml
 types-olefile

.ci/requirements-sbom.txt

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+check-jsonschema==0.37.1

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -1 +1,2 @@
-tidelift: "pypi/pillow"
+github: python-pillow
+tidelift: pypi/pillow

.github/INCIDENT_RESPONSE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+# Incident Response Plan — Pillow
+
+This document describes how the Pillow maintainers detect, triage, fix, communicate, and
+learn from security incidents. It supplements the existing [Security Policy](SECURITY.md)
+and [Release Checklist](../RELEASING.md).
+
+---
+
+## 1. Preparation
+
+Maintaining readiness before an incident occurs reduces response time and errors under pressure.
+
+### 1.1 Version Support Matrix
+
+Security fixes are applied to the **latest stable release only**. Users on older versions
+are expected to upgrade. Reporters should assume only the latest release will receive a patch.
+
+| Branch | Status |
+|---|---|
+| `main` / latest stable | ✅ Security fixes applied |
+| All older releases | ❌ No security support — please upgrade |
+
+### 1.2 Team Readiness
+
+The four members of the Pillow core team are in regular contact and share collective
+responsibility for incident response. Any core team member may act as Incident Lead.
+Contact details are known to all team members.
+
+### 1.3 Readiness Review
+
+At each quarterly release, maintainers should re-read this document and update any stale content.
+
+---
+
+## 2. Scope
+
+This plan covers:
+
+| Incident type | Examples |
+|---|---|
+| Vulnerability in Pillow's own Python or C code | Buffer overflow in an image decoder, integer overflow in `ImagingNew` |
+| Vulnerability in a bundled or wheel-shipped C library | libjpeg, libwebp, libtiff, libpng, openjpeg, libavif |
+| Supply-chain compromise | Malicious commit, stolen maintainer credentials, tampered PyPI wheel |
+| CI/CD or infrastructure compromise | GitHub Actions secret leak, Codecov breach, PyPI token exposure |
+| Critical non-security regression | Data-loss bug shipped in a release, crash on all supported platforms |
+
+---
+
+## 3. Definitions
+
+| Term | Meaning |
+|---|---|
+| **Incident** | Any event that compromises or threatens the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of Pillow's code, release artifacts, or infrastructure. |
+| **Vulnerability** | A security flaw in Pillow or a bundled library that can be exploited by a crafted image or API call. |
+| **Incident Lead** | The maintainer who owns coordination of the response from triage to closure. |
+| **Embargo** | A period during which fix details are kept private to allow coordinated patching before public disclosure. |
+| **Yank** | A PyPI action that keeps a release downloadable by pinned users but removes it from default `pip install` resolution. |
+| **CVE** | Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures — a public identifier assigned to a specific vulnerability. |
+| **CNA** | CVE Numbering Authority — GitHub is a CNA and can assign CVEs directly through the advisory workflow. |
+
+---
+
+## 4. Roles
+
+| Role | Responsibility |
+|---|---|
+| **Incident Lead** | First maintainer to triage the report. Owns the incident until resolution. |
+| **Patch Owner** | Writes and tests the fix (may be the same person as Incident Lead). |
+| **Release Manager** | Cuts the point release following [RELEASING.md](../RELEASING.md). |
+| **Communications Owner** | Drafts the GitHub Security Advisory, announces on Mastodon, notifies distros. |
+| **Tidelift Contact** | For reports that arrive via Tidelift, coordinate through the Tidelift security portal. |
+
+One person may fill multiple roles.
+
+---
+
+## 5. Severity Classification
+
+Use the [CVSS 4.0](https://www.first.org/cvss/v4.0/specification-document) base score as
+a guide, mapped to the following levels:
+
+| Severity | CVSS | Definition | Target Response SLA |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| **Critical** | 9.0 – 10.0 | Remote code execution, arbitrary write, or complete integrity/confidentiality loss achievable by opening a crafted image | Best effort; embargoed release where possible |
+| **High** | 7.0 – 8.9 | Heap/stack buffer overflow, use-after-free, or significant information disclosure | Best effort |
+| **Medium** | 4.0 – 6.9 | Denial of service via crafted image, out-of-bounds read, limited info disclosure | Next scheduled quarterly release, or earlier point release if needed |
+| **Low** | 0.1 – 3.9 | Minor information disclosure, unlikely to be exploitable in practice | Next quarterly release |
+
+Supply-chain and CI/CD incidents are always treated as **Critical** regardless of CVSS.
+
+> **Note:** These are good-faith targets for a small volunteer maintainer team, not contractual SLAs. Public safety and transparency will always be prioritised, even when timing varies.
+
+---
+
+## 6. Detection Sources
+
+Vulnerabilities and incidents may be reported or discovered through:
+
+1. **GitHub private security advisory** — preferred channel; see [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md)
+2. **Tidelift security contact** — <https://tidelift.com/docs/security>
+3. **External researcher / coordinated disclosure** — e.g. Google Project Zero, vendor PSIRT
+4. **Automated scanning** — Dependabot, GitHub code-scanning (CodeQL), CI fuzzing
+5. **Distro security teams** — Debian, Red Hat, Ubuntu, Alpine may report upstream
+6. **User bug report** — public issue (reassess if it has security implications and convert to a private advisory if needed)
+
+---
+
+## 7. Response Process
+
+### 7.1 Triage (all severities)
+
+1. **Acknowledge receipt** to the reporter within **72 hours** using the template in
+   [Appendix A](#appendix-a-communication-templates). Ask the reporter:
+   - How they would like to be credited (name, handle, or anonymous)
+   - Whether they intend to publish their own advisory, and if so, their preferred timeline
+   - Thank them explicitly — reporters do the project a favour by disclosing privately.
+2. Reproduce the issue. If the report is invalid, close it and notify the reporter.
+3. Assign a severity level ([Section 5: Severity Classification](#5-severity-classification)).
+4. If the GitHub Security Advisory was not created by the reporter, create one now and keep
+   it **private** until the fix is released. Add the reporter as a collaborator if they wish
+   to be involved.
+5. **Request a CVE** through the GitHub Security Advisory workflow (GitHub is a CVE
+   Numbering Authority — no separate MITRE form required). The CVE is reserved privately
+   and published automatically when the advisory goes public.
+6. **Escalation** — Escalate beyond the core maintainer team if any of the following apply:
+   - The fix requires changes to CPython or a dependency outside Pillow's control → contact the relevant upstream immediately
+   - A legal concern arises (e.g. GDPR-reportable data exposure) → contact the project's legal/fiscal sponsor
+   - The Incident Lead is unreachable for > 24 hours on a Critical issue → any other maintainer may assume the role
+
+### 7.2 Fix Development
+
+1. Develop the fix in a **private fork** or directly in the private security advisory
+   workspace on GitHub. Do **not** push to a public branch before the embargo lifts.
+2. Write a regression test that fails before the fix and passes after.
+3. Review the patch with at least one other maintainer.
+
+### 7.3 Standard (Non-Embargoed) Release
+
+For Medium and Low severity, or when no distro pre-notification is needed:
+
+1. Merge the fix to `main`, then cherry-pick to all affected release branches
+   (see [RELEASING.md — Point release](../RELEASING.md)).
+2. Amend commit messages to include the CVE identifier.
+3. Follow the [Point release](../RELEASING.md#point-release) process in RELEASING.md to
+   tag, push, and confirm wheels are live on PyPI.
+4. Publish the GitHub Security Advisory (this simultaneously publishes the CVE).
+
+### 7.4 Embargoed Release
+
+For Critical and High severity where distro pre-notification improves user safety:
+
+1. Prepare patches against all affected release branches and test locally.
+2. Agree on an **embargo date** with the reporter (typically 7–14 days out, up to 90 days for
+   complex issues).
+3. Privately send the patch to distros via the
+   [linux-distros](https://oss-security.openwall.org/wiki/mailing-lists/distros) mailing list
+   or directly to individual distro security teams.
+4. On the embargo date:
+   - Amend commit messages with the CVE identifier.
+   - Follow the [Embargoed release](../RELEASING.md#embargoed-release) process in
+     RELEASING.md to tag, push, and confirm wheels are live on PyPI.
+   - Publish the GitHub Security Advisory.
+
+### 7.5 Supply-Chain / Infrastructure Compromise
+
+1. **Immediately** revoke any potentially compromised credentials:
+   - PyPI API tokens
+   - GitHub personal access tokens and OAuth apps
+   - Codecov or other CI service tokens
+2. Audit recent commits and releases for tampering:
+   - Verify release tags against known-good SHAs
+   - Re-inspect any wheel published since the potential compromise window
+3. If a PyPI release is suspected to be tampered: yank it immediately via the
+   [PyPI release management page](https://pypi.org/manage/project/Pillow/releases/)
+   (login required); see [https://pypi.org/security/](https://pypi.org/security/) for
+   reporting to the PyPI security team.
+4. Issue a public advisory describing the scope and any user action required.
+
+### 7.6 Recovery
+
+After the fix is released and the advisory is public:
+
+1. Verify that the patched wheels are live on PyPI and passing CI across all supported platforms.
+2. Confirm any yanked releases are handled correctly .
+3. Resume normal development operations on `main`.
+4. Monitor the GitHub issue tracker and Mastodon for user reports of residual problems for at least **72 hours** post-release.
+5. Close the private GitHub Security Advisory once recovery is confirmed.
+
+---
+
+## 8. Communication
+
+### Internal (during embargo)
+- Use the **private GitHub Security Advisory** thread for coordination with the reporter.
+- Use private communication channels for all other coordination.
+- Do not discuss details in public issues, PRs, or Gitter/IRC channels.
+
+### External (at or after disclosure)
+
+| Audience | Channel | Timing |
+|---|---|---|
+| General users | [GitHub Security Advisory](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories) | At release |
+| PyPI ecosystem | CVE published via advisory | At release |
+| Downstream distros | Direct email or linux-distros list | Before embargo date (embargoed) |
+| Tidelift subscribers | Tidelift security portal | At release (or coordinated) |
+| Community | [Mastodon @pillow](https://fosstodon.org/@pillow) | At release |
+
+**Advisory content should include:**
+- CVE identifier and CVSS score
+- Affected Pillow versions
+- Fixed version(s)
+- Nature of the vulnerability (without full exploit details if still fresh)
+- Credit to the reporter (with their consent)
+- Upgrade instructions (`python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow`)
+
+---
+
+## 9. Dependency Map
+
+Understanding what Pillow depends on (upstream) and what depends on Pillow (downstream)
+is essential for scoping impact and coordinating notifications during an incident.
+
+### 9.1 Upstream Dependencies
+
+#### Bundled C libraries (shipped in official wheels)
+
+These libraries are compiled into Pillow's binary wheels. A CVE in any of them may
+require a Pillow point release even if Pillow's own code is unchanged.
+
+| Library | Purpose | Security advisory tracker |
+|---|---|---|
+| [libjpeg-turbo](https://libjpeg-turbo.org/) | JPEG encode/decode | [GitHub](https://github.com/libjpeg-turbo/libjpeg-turbo/security) |
+| [libpng](http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/libpng.html) | PNG encode/decode within FreeType 2, OpenJPEG and WebP | [SourceForge](https://sourceforge.net/p/libpng/bugs/) |
+| [libtiff](https://libtiff.gitlab.io/libtiff/) | TIFF encode/decode | [GitLab](https://gitlab.com/libtiff/libtiff/-/work_items) |
+| [libwebp](https://chromium.googlesource.com/webm/libwebp) | WebP encode/decode | [Chromium tracker](https://issues.webmproject.org/issues) |
+| [libavif](https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif) | AVIF encode/decode | [GitHub](https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif/security) |
+| [aom](https://aomedia.googlesource.com/aom/) | AV1 codec (AVIF) | [Chromium tracker](https://aomedia.issues.chromium.org/issues) |
+| [dav1d](https://code.videolan.org/videolan/dav1d) | AV1 decode (AVIF) | [VideoLAN Security](https://www.videolan.org/security/) |
+| [openjpeg](https://www.openjpeg.org/) | JPEG 2000 encode/decode | [GitHub](https://github.com/uclouvain/openjpeg/security) |
+| [freetype2](https://freetype.org/) | Font rendering | [GitLab](https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/freetype/freetype/-/work_items) |
+| [lcms2](https://www.littlecms.com/) | ICC color management | [GitHub](https://github.com/mm2/Little-CMS/security) |
+| [harfbuzz](https://harfbuzz.github.io/) | Text shaping (via raqm) | [GitHub](https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz/security) |
+| [raqm](https://github.com/HOST-Oman/libraqm) | Complex text layout | [GitHub](https://github.com/HOST-Oman/libraqm) |
+| [fribidi](https://github.com/fribidi/fribidi) | Unicode bidi (via raqm) | [GitHub](https://github.com/fribidi/fribidi) |
+| [zlib](https://zlib.net/) | Deflate compression | [zlib.net](https://zlib.net/) |
+| [liblzma / xz-utils](https://tukaani.org/xz/) | XZ/LZMA compression | [GitHub](https://github.com/tukaani-project/xz/security) |
+| [bzip2](https://gitlab.com/bzip2/bzip2) | BZ2 compression | [GitLab](https://gitlab.com/bzip2/bzip2/-/work_items) |
+| [zstd](https://github.com/facebook/zstd) | Zstandard compression | [GitHub](https://github.com/facebook/zstd/security) |
+| [brotli](https://github.com/google/brotli) | Brotli compression | [GitHub](https://github.com/google/brotli/security) |
+| [libyuv](https://chromium.googlesource.com/libyuv/libyuv/) | YUV conversion | [Chromium tracker](https://libyuv.issues.chromium.org/issues) |
+
+#### Python-level dependencies
+
+| Package | Required? | Purpose |
+|---|---|---|
+| `setuptools` | Build-time only | Package build backend |
+| `pybind11` | Build-time only | Compile C files in parallel |
+| `olefile` | Optional (`fpx`, `mic` extras) | OLE2 container parsing (FPX, MIC formats) |
+| `defusedxml` | Optional (`xmp` extra) | Safe XML parsing for XMP metadata |
+
+See [`pyproject.toml`](../pyproject.toml) for the complete and authoritative list of
+optional dependencies.
+
+### 9.2 Responding to an Upstream Vulnerability
+
+When a CVE is published for a bundled C library:
+
+1. Assess whether the vulnerable code path is reachable through Pillow's API.
+2. If reachable, treat as a Pillow vulnerability and follow [Section 5: Severity Classification](#5-severity-classification).
+3. Update the bundled library version in the wheel build scripts and rebuild wheels.
+4. Reference the upstream CVE in Pillow's release notes and GitHub Security Advisory.
+5. If not reachable, document the rationale in a public issue so downstream distributors
+   can make informed decisions about patching their system packages.
+
+### 9.3 Downstream Dependencies
+
+A vulnerability in Pillow can have wide impact. Notify or consider the blast radius of
+these downstream consumers when assessing severity and planning communications.
+
+#### Linux distribution packages
+
+| Distribution | Package name | Security contact |
+|---|---|---|
+| Debian / Ubuntu | `python3-pil` | [Debian Security](https://www.debian.org/security/) / [Ubuntu Security](https://ubuntu.com/security) |
+| Fedora / RHEL / CentOS | `python3-pillow` | [Red Hat Security](https://access.redhat.com/security/) |
+| Alpine Linux | `py3-pillow` | [Alpine security](https://security.alpinelinux.org/) |
+| Arch Linux | `python-pillow` | [Arch security tracker](https://security.archlinux.org/) |
+| Homebrew | `pillow` | [Homebrew maintainers](https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/security) |
+| conda-forge | `pillow` | [conda-forge](https://github.com/conda-forge/pillow-feedstock) |
+
+#### Major Python ecosystem consumers
+
+These are high-profile projects known to depend on Pillow; a critical vulnerability may
+warrant proactive notification.
+
+| Project | Usage |
+|---|---|
+| [matplotlib](https://matplotlib.org/) | Image I/O for plots |
+| [scikit-image](https://scikit-image.org/) | Image processing |
+| [torchvision](https://github.com/pytorch/vision) (PyTorch) | Dataset loading, transforms |
+| [Keras / TensorFlow](https://keras.io/) | Image preprocessing utilities |
+| [Django](https://www.djangoproject.com/) | `ImageField` validation and thumbnail generation |
+| [Wagtail](https://wagtail.org/) | CMS image renditions |
+| [Plone](https://plone.org/) | CMS image handling |
+| [Jupyter / IPython](https://jupyter.org/) | Inline image display |
+| [ReportLab](https://www.reportlab.com/) | PDF image embedding |
+| [Tidelift subscribers](https://tidelift.com/) | Enterprise consumers (coordinated via Tidelift) |
+
+#### Pillow ecosystem plugins
+
+Third-party plugins extend Pillow and are distributed separately on PyPI. Their
+maintainers should be notified for Critical/High issues that affect the plugin API
+or the formats they decode. See the
+[full plugin list](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/handbook/third-party-plugins.html#plugin-list).
+
+---
+
+## 11. Plan Maintenance
+
+This document is a living record. It should be kept current so it is useful when an incident actually occurs. Revisit it during the [Section 1.3 readiness review](#13-readiness-review) at each quarterly release.
+
+---
+
+## 12. References
+
+- [Security Policy](SECURITY.md)
+- [Release Checklist](../RELEASING.md)
+- [Contributing Guide](CONTRIBUTING.md)
+- [Tidelift Security Contact](https://tidelift.com/docs/security)
+- [GitHub: Privately reporting a security vulnerability](https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/security-advisories/guidance-on-reporting-and-writing/privately-reporting-a-security-vulnerability)
+- [GitHub as a CVE Numbering Authority (CNA)](https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/security-advisories/working-with-repository-security-advisories/about-repository-security-advisories)
+- [FIRST CVSS 4.0 Calculator](https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/4.0)
+- [linux-distros mailing list](https://oss-security.openwall.org/wiki/mailing-lists/distros)
+- [OpenSSF CVD Guide](https://github.com/ossf/oss-vulnerability-guide) *(basis for this plan)*
+
+---
+
+## Appendix A: Communication Templates
+
+### A.1 Reporter Acknowledgment
+
+> Subject: Re: [Security] \<brief issue description\>
+>
+> Hi \<name\>,
+>
+> Thank you for taking the time to report this issue. We appreciate it.
+>
+> We have received your report and will review it as soon as possible. We will
+> keep you updated on our progress.
+>
+> Questions:
+>
+> - How would you like to be credited in the advisory? (name, handle,
+>   organisation, or anonymous)
+> - Do you plan to publish your own write-up or advisory? If so, do you have a
+>   disclosure date in mind?
+>
+> We apply coordinated disclosure principles to all vulnerability reports. If
+> you have any questions or concerns at any point, please reply to this thread.
+>
+> Thank you again,
+> The Pillow team
+
+### A.2 Embargoed Distro Notification
+
+> Subject: [EMBARGOED] Pillow security issue — \<CVE-XXXX-XXXXX\> — disclosure \<DATE\>
+>
+> This is an embargoed notification of a vulnerability in Pillow. Please keep this
+> information confidential until the disclosure date listed below.
+>
+> **CVE:** \<CVE-XXXX-XXXXX\>
+>
+> **Affected versions:** \<e.g. Pillow < 11.x.x\>
+>
+> **Fixed version:** \<version\>
+>
+> **Severity:** \<Critical / High / Medium / Low\> (CVSS \<score\>: \<vector\>)
+>
+> **Reporter:** \<name / affiliation, or "reported privately"\>
+>
+> **Public disclosure date:** \<DATE TIME UTC\>
+>
+> **Summary:**
+> \<One paragraph describing the vulnerability class and impact without a full exploit.\>
+>
+> **Proof of concept:**
+> \<Minimal reproducer or attached patch.\>
+>
+> **Remediation:**
+> Upgrade to Pillow \<fixed version\>. No known workaround.
+>
+> Please do not share this information, issue public patches, or make user communications
+> before the disclosure date. We will notify this list immediately if the date changes.
+>
+> — The Pillow maintainers
+
+### A.3 Public Disclosure Advisory
+
+*(Published as a GitHub Security Advisory; the CVE and date are included automatically.)*
+
+> **Summary:** \<One-paragraph technical summary.\>
+>
+> **CVE:** \<CVE-XXXX-XXXXX\>
+>
+> **Affected versions:** Pillow \< \<fixed version\>
+>
+> **Fixed version:** \<version\>
+>
+> **Severity:** \<rating\> (CVSS \<score\>)
+>
+> **Reporter:** \<credited name / "reported privately"\>
+>
+> **Details:**
+> \<Fuller technical description. Include attack scenario where helpful.\>
+>
+> **Remediation:**
+> ```
+> python3 -m pip install --upgrade Pillow
+> ```
+>
+> **Timeline:**
+> - Reported: \<date\>
+> - Fixed: \<date\>
+> - Disclosed: \<date\>

.github/SECURITY.md

@@ -1,5 +1,21 @@
 # Security policy
 
-To report sensitive vulnerability information, please use the [Tidelift security contact](https://tidelift.com/security). Tidelift will coordinate the fix and disclosure.
+## Reporting a vulnerability
 
-If your organisation/employer is a distributor of Pillow and would like advance notification of security-related bugs, please let us know your preferred contact method.
+To report sensitive vulnerability information, report it [privately on GitHub](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories/new).
+
+If you cannot use GitHub, use the [Tidelift security contact](https://tidelift.com/docs/security). Tidelift will coordinate the fix and disclosure.
+
+**DO NOT report sensitive vulnerability information in public.**
+
+## Threat model
+
+Pillow's primary attack surface is parsing untrusted image data. A full STRIDE threat model covering spoofing, tampering, repudiation, information disclosure, denial of service, and elevation of privilege is maintained in the [Security handbook page](https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/handbook/security.html).
+
+Key risks to be aware of when using Pillow to process untrusted images:
+
+- **Decompression bombs** — do not set `Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS = None` in production.
+- **EPS files invoke Ghostscript** — block EPS input at the application layer unless strictly required.
+- **`ImageMath.unsafe_eval()`** — never pass user-controlled strings to this function; use `lambda_eval` instead.
+- **C extension memory safety** — keep Pillow and its bundled C libraries (libjpeg, libpng, libtiff, libwebp, etc.) up to date.
+- **Sandboxing** — for high-risk deployments, run image processing in a sandboxed subprocess.

.github/compare-dist-sizes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+"""Compare sizes of newly-built dists against the latest release on PyPI.
+
+Fetches file sizes for the latest Pillow release from the PyPI JSON API
+(no download required) and compares them to a directory of freshly-built
+wheels and sdist. Outputs a table to stdout (and to
+`$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY` if set).
+
+Usage:
+    `uv run .github/compare-dist-sizes.py <dist-dir>`
+"""
+
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.10"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "humanize",
+#     "prettytable",
+#     "termcolor",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import urllib.request
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import humanize
+from prettytable import PrettyTable, TableStyle
+from termcolor import colored
+
+PYPI_JSON_URL = "https://pypi.org/pypi/pillow/json"
+
+# Wheel filename: {distribution}-{version}(-{build})?-{python}-{abi}-{platform}.whl
+# sdist filename: {distribution}-{version}.tar.gz
+WHEEL_RE = re.compile(
+    r"^[^-]+-[^-]+(?:-(?P<build>\d[^-]*))?"
+    r"-(?P<python>[^-]+)-(?P<abi>[^-]+)-(?P<platform>[^-]+)\.whl$",
+    re.IGNORECASE,
+)
+SDIST_RE = re.compile(
+    r"^(?P<dist>[^-]+)-(?P<version>.+)\.tar\.gz$",
+    re.IGNORECASE,
+)
+
+
+def key_for(filename: str) -> str:
+    """Return a version-independent identifier for a dist file."""
+    if m := WHEEL_RE.match(filename):
+        build = f"{m['build']}-" if m["build"] else ""
+        return f"wheel:{build}{m['python']}-{m['abi']}-{m['platform']}"
+    if SDIST_RE.match(filename):
+        return "sdist"
+    msg = f"Unexpected dist name: {filename}"
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def display_for(filename: str) -> str:
+    """Strip the `pillow-{version}-` prefix for compact table display."""
+    if m := WHEEL_RE.match(filename):
+        build = f"{m['build']}-" if m["build"] else ""
+        return f"{build}{m['python']}-{m['abi']}-{m['platform']}.whl"
+    if SDIST_RE.match(filename):
+        return "sdist (.tar.gz)"
+    return filename
+
+
+def fetch_pypi_sizes() -> tuple[str, dict[str, tuple[str, int]]]:
+    """Return (version, {key: (filename, size)}) for the latest PyPI release."""
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(PYPI_JSON_URL) as response:
+        data = json.load(response)
+    version = data["info"]["version"]
+    sizes: dict[str, tuple[str, int]] = {}
+    for entry in data.get("urls", []):
+        filename = entry["filename"]
+        key = key_for(filename)
+        sizes[key] = (filename, entry["size"])
+    return version, sizes
+
+
+def collect_local_sizes(dist_dir: Path) -> dict[str, tuple[str, int]]:
+    sizes: dict[str, tuple[str, int]] = {}
+    for path in sorted(dist_dir.iterdir()):
+        if not path.is_file():
+            continue
+        key = key_for(path.name)
+        sizes[key] = (path.name, path.stat().st_size)
+    return sizes
+
+
+def human(n: int | None) -> str:
+    if n is None:
+        return "n/a"
+    return humanize.naturalsize(n)
+
+
+def pct_change(before: int | None, after: int | None) -> str:
+    if before is None or after is None:
+        return "n/a"
+    delta = 0 if before == 0 else (after - before) / before * 100
+    return f"{delta:+.2f}%"
+
+
+def pct_severity(text: str) -> dict[str, str] | None:
+    """Return status indicators based on the change percent."""
+    if text == "n/a":
+        return None
+    pct = float(text.rstrip("%"))
+    if pct >= 5:
+        return {"color": "red", "emoji": "🔴"}
+    if pct > 0:
+        return {"color": "yellow", "emoji": "🟡"}
+    else:
+        return {"color": "green", "emoji": "🟢"}
+
+
+def render_table(
+    baseline_label: str,
+    baseline_sizes: dict[str, tuple[str, int]],
+    local_sizes: dict[str, tuple[str, int]],
+    *,
+    markdown: bool,
+) -> str:
+    table = PrettyTable()
+    table.set_style(TableStyle.MARKDOWN if markdown else TableStyle.SINGLE_BORDER)
+    table.field_names = ["File", "Size before", "Size now", "Change"]
+    table.align = "r"
+    table.align["File"] = "l"
+
+    def style(cells: list[str], role: str) -> list[str]:
+        severity = pct_severity(cells[3])
+        if markdown:
+            if severity:
+                cells[3] = f"{severity['emoji']} {cells[3]}"
+            if role == "orphan":
+                return [f"*{c}*" for c in cells]
+            if role == "summary":
+                return [f"**{c}**" for c in cells]
+            return cells
+
+        if role == "orphan":
+            return [colored(c, "dark_grey") for c in cells]
+
+        bold_attrs = ["bold"] if role == "summary" else []
+        if bold_attrs:
+            cells[:3] = [colored(c, attrs=bold_attrs) for c in cells[:3]]
+        if severity:
+            cells[3] = colored(cells[3], severity["color"], attrs=bold_attrs)
+        elif bold_attrs:
+            cells[3] = colored(cells[3], attrs=bold_attrs)
+        return cells
+
+    keys = list(set(baseline_sizes) | set(local_sizes))
+    # Put sdist first for readability
+    keys.sort(key=lambda k: (k != "sdist", k))
+
+    wheel_before = []
+    wheel_after = []
+    total_before = []
+    total_after = []
+    for key in keys:
+        baseline_entry = baseline_sizes.get(key)
+        local_entry = local_sizes.get(key)
+        display_name = display_for((local_entry or baseline_entry)[0])
+        before = baseline_entry[1] if baseline_entry else None
+        after = local_entry[1] if local_entry else None
+        if after is None:
+            # Removed since baseline: ignore in totals
+            role = "orphan"
+        else:
+            # Present locally (in both, or newly added): count in totals
+            total_after.append(after)
+            if before is not None:
+                total_before.append(before)
+            if key != "sdist":
+                wheel_after.append(after)
+                if before is not None:
+                    wheel_before.append(before)
+            role = "data"
+        cells = [
+            display_name,
+            human(before),
+            human(after),
+            pct_change(before, after),
+        ]
+        table.add_row(style(cells, role))
+
+    if not markdown:
+        table.add_divider()
+
+    if wheel_after:
+        avg_before = sum(wheel_before) // len(wheel_before) if wheel_before else None
+        table.add_row(
+            style(
+                [
+                    f"wheel average ({len(wheel_after)} wheels)",
+                    human(avg_before),
+                    human(sum(wheel_after) // len(wheel_after)),
+                    pct_change(avg_before, sum(wheel_after) // len(wheel_after)),
+                ],
+                "summary",
+            )
+        )
+        table.add_row(
+            style(
+                [
+                    f"wheel total ({len(wheel_after)} wheels)",
+                    human(sum(wheel_before)),
+                    human(sum(wheel_after)),
+                    pct_change(sum(wheel_before), sum(wheel_after)),
+                ],
+                "summary",
+            ),
+            divider=not markdown,
+        )
+
+    if total_after:
+        table.add_row(
+            style(
+                [
+                    f"artifacts total ({len(total_after)} artifacts)",
+                    human(sum(total_before)),
+                    human(sum(total_after)),
+                    pct_change(sum(total_before), sum(total_after)),
+                ],
+                "summary",
+            )
+        )
+
+    title = f"## Dist size comparison vs {baseline_label}"
+    if not markdown:
+        title = colored(title, attrs=["bold"])
+    return f"{title}\n\n{table.get_string()}\n"
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description=__doc__, formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "dist_dir",
+        type=Path,
+        help="Directory containing newly-built wheels and sdist",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if not args.dist_dir.is_dir():
+        print(f"error: {args.dist_dir} is not a directory", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    baseline_version, baseline_sizes = fetch_pypi_sizes()
+    baseline_label = f"Pillow {baseline_version} on PyPI"
+
+    local_sizes = collect_local_sizes(args.dist_dir)
+
+    print(render_table(baseline_label, baseline_sizes, local_sizes, markdown=False))
+
+    if summary_path := os.environ.get("GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"):
+        with open(summary_path, "a", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            f.write(
+                render_table(baseline_label, baseline_sizes, local_sizes, markdown=True)
+            )
+
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())

.github/dependencies.json

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{
+  "brotli": "1.2.0",
+  "bzip2": "1.0.8",
+  "freetype": "2.14.3",
+  "fribidi": "1.0.16",
+  "harfbuzz": "14.2.0",
+  "jpegturbo": "3.1.4.1",
+  "lcms2": "2.19",
+  "libavif": "1.4.1",
+  "libimagequant": "4.4.1",
+  "libpng": "1.6.58",
+  "libwebp": "1.6.0",
+  "libxcb": "1.17.0",
+  "openjpeg": "2.5.4",
+  "tiff": "4.7.1",
+  "xz": "5.8.3",
+  "zlib-ng": "2.3.3",
+  "zstd": "1.5.7"
+}

.github/generate-sbom.py

@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Generate a CycloneDX 1.7 SBOM for Pillow's C extensions and their
+vendored/optional native library dependencies.
+
+Usage:
+    python3 .github/generate-sbom.py [output-file]
+
+Output defaults to pillow-{version}.cdx.json in the current directory.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import base64
+import datetime as dt
+import difflib
+import hashlib
+import json
+import urllib.request
+import uuid
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def get_version() -> str:
+    version_file = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "src" / "PIL" / "_version.py"
+    return version_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8").split('"')[1]
+
+
+def load_dep_versions() -> dict[str, str]:
+    deps_file = Path(__file__).parent / "dependencies.json"
+    return json.loads(deps_file.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+
+
+def sha256_file(path: Path) -> str:
+    return hashlib.sha256(path.read_bytes()).hexdigest()
+
+
+def upstream_diff_b64(
+    upstream_url: str,
+    upstream_display: bytes,
+    local_path: Path,
+    local_display: bytes,
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Fetch an upstream file and return a base64-encoded unified diff vs the local copy.
+    """
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(upstream_url) as resp:
+        upstream_text = resp.read()
+    local_text = local_path.read_bytes()
+    diff_lines = difflib.diff_bytes(
+        difflib.unified_diff,
+        upstream_text.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        local_text.splitlines(keepends=True),
+        fromfile=b"a/" + upstream_display,
+        tofile=b"b/" + local_display,
+    )
+    return base64.b64encode(b"".join(diff_lines)).decode()
+
+
+def generate(version: str) -> dict:
+    serial = str(uuid.uuid4())
+    now = dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc).strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")
+    purl = f"pkg:pypi/pillow@{version}"
+    root = Path(__file__).parent.parent
+    thirdparty = root / "src" / "thirdparty"
+    versions = load_dep_versions()
+
+    metadata_component = {
+        "bom-ref": purl,
+        "type": "library",
+        "name": "Pillow",
+        "version": version,
+        "description": "Python Imaging Library (fork)",
+        "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "MIT-CMU"}}],
+        "purl": purl,
+        "externalReferences": [
+            {"type": "website", "url": "https://python-pillow.github.io"},
+            {"type": "vcs", "url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow"},
+            {"type": "documentation", "url": "https://pillow.readthedocs.io"},
+            {
+                "type": "security-contact",
+                "url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/policy",
+            },
+        ],
+    }
+
+    c_extensions = [
+        ("PIL._avif", "AVIF image format extension"),
+        (
+            "PIL._imaging",
+            "Core image processing extension "
+            "(decode, encode, map, display, outline, path, libImaging)",
+        ),
+        ("PIL._imagingcms", "LittleCMS2 colour management extension"),
+        ("PIL._imagingft", "FreeType font rendering extension"),
+        ("PIL._imagingmath", "Image math operations extension"),
+        ("PIL._imagingmorph", "Image morphology extension"),
+        ("PIL._imagingtk", "Tk/Tcl display extension"),
+        ("PIL._webp", "WebP image format extension"),
+    ]
+
+    ext_components = [
+        {
+            "bom-ref": f"{purl}#c-ext/{name}",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": name,
+            "version": version,
+            "description": desc,
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "MIT-CMU"}}],
+            "purl": f"{purl}#c-ext/{name}",
+        }
+        for name, desc in c_extensions
+    ]
+
+    vendored_components = [
+        {
+            "bom-ref": f"{purl}#thirdparty/fribidi-shim",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "fribidi-shim",
+            "version": "1.x",
+            "description": "FriBiDi runtime-loading shim "
+            "(vendored in src/thirdparty/fribidi-shim/); "
+            "loads libfribidi dynamically",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "LGPL-2.1-or-later"}}],
+            "hashes": [
+                {
+                    "alg": "SHA-256",
+                    "content": sha256_file(thirdparty / "fribidi-shim" / "fribidi.c"),
+                }
+            ],
+            "pedigree": {
+                "notes": "Pillow-authored shim; not taken from an upstream project."
+            },
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://github.com/fribidi/fribidi"},
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:github/python/pythoncapi-compat",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "pythoncapi_compat",
+            "description": "Backport header for new CPython C-API functions "
+            "(vendored in src/thirdparty/pythoncapi_compat.h)",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "0BSD"}}],
+            "hashes": [
+                {
+                    "alg": "SHA-256",
+                    "content": sha256_file(thirdparty / "pythoncapi_compat.h"),
+                }
+            ],
+            "pedigree": {
+                "notes": "Vendored unmodified from upstream python/pythoncapi-compat."
+            },
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {
+                    "type": "vcs",
+                    "url": "https://github.com/python/pythoncapi-compat",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": f"{purl}#thirdparty/raqm",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "raqm",
+            "version": "0.10.5",
+            "description": "Complex text layout library "
+            "(vendored in src/thirdparty/raqm/)",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "MIT"}}],
+            "hashes": [
+                {
+                    "alg": "SHA-256",
+                    "content": sha256_file(thirdparty / "raqm" / "raqm.c"),
+                }
+            ],
+            "pedigree": {
+                "ancestors": [
+                    {
+                        "bom-ref": "pkg:github/HOST-Oman/libraqm@0.10.5#upstream",
+                        "type": "library",
+                        "name": "raqm",
+                        "version": "0.10.5",
+                        "purl": "pkg:github/HOST-Oman/libraqm@0.10.5",
+                        "externalReferences": [
+                            {
+                                "type": "distribution",
+                                "url": "https://github.com/HOST-Oman/libraqm/releases/tag/v0.10.5",
+                            }
+                        ],
+                    }
+                ],
+                "patches": [
+                    {
+                        "type": "unofficial",
+                        "diff": {
+                            "text": {
+                                # raqm-version.h.in → raqm-version.h:
+                                # template @RAQM_VERSION_*@ placeholders replaced
+                                # with literal 0.10.5 values; filename changed to
+                                # drop the .in suffix; minor indentation fix.
+                                "content": upstream_diff_b64(
+                                    "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/HOST-Oman/libraqm/v0.10.5/src/raqm-version.h.in",
+                                    b"src/raqm-version.h.in",
+                                    thirdparty / "raqm" / "raqm-version.h",
+                                    b"src/raqm-version.h",
+                                ),
+                                "encoding": "base64",
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "type": "unofficial",
+                        "diff": {
+                            "text": {
+                                # raqm.c: wrap the <fribidi.h> include in an
+                                # #ifdef HAVE_FRIBIDI_SYSTEM guard so that when
+                                # building without a system FriBiDi Pillow's own
+                                # fribidi-shim is used instead.
+                                "content": upstream_diff_b64(
+                                    "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/HOST-Oman/libraqm/v0.10.5/src/raqm.c",
+                                    b"src/raqm.c",
+                                    thirdparty / "raqm" / "raqm.c",
+                                    b"src/raqm.c",
+                                ),
+                                "encoding": "base64",
+                            }
+                        },
+                    },
+                ],
+                "notes": (
+                    "Vendored from upstream HOST-Oman/libraqm v0.10.5 with two "
+                    "Pillow-specific modifications: (1) raqm-version.h.in was "
+                    "pre-processed into raqm-version.h with version placeholders "
+                    "replaced by literal values; (2) raqm.c wraps the <fribidi.h> "
+                    "include in an #ifdef HAVE_FRIBIDI_SYSTEM guard so Pillow's "
+                    "bundled fribidi-shim is used when a system FriBiDi is absent."
+                ),
+            },
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {
+                    "type": "vcs",
+                    "url": "https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/tree/main/src/thirdparty/raqm",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+    ]
+
+    native_deps = [
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:generic/freetype2",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "FreeType",
+            "version": versions["freetype"],
+            "scope": "optional",
+            "description": "Font rendering (optional, used by PIL._imagingft). "
+            "Required for text/font support.",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "FTL"}}],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://freetype.org"},
+                {
+                    "type": "distribution",
+                    "url": "https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/freetype/",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:generic/fribidi",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "FriBiDi",
+            "version": versions["fribidi"],
+            "scope": "optional",
+            "description": "Unicode bidi algorithm library (optional, "
+            "loaded at runtime by fribidi-shim).",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "LGPL-2.1-or-later"}}],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://github.com/fribidi/fribidi"},
+                {
+                    "type": "distribution",
+                    "url": "https://github.com/fribidi/fribidi/releases",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:generic/harfbuzz",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "HarfBuzz",
+            "version": versions["harfbuzz"],
+            "scope": "optional",
+            "description": "Text shaping (optional, required by libraqm "
+            "for complex text layout).",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "MIT"}}],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://harfbuzz.github.io"},
+                {
+                    "type": "distribution",
+                    "url": "https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz/releases",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:generic/libavif",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "libavif",
+            "version": versions["libavif"],
+            "scope": "optional",
+            "description": "AVIF codec (optional, used by PIL._avif).",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "BSD-2-Clause"}}],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif"},
+                {
+                    "type": "distribution",
+                    "url": "https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif/releases",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:generic/libimagequant",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "libimagequant",
+            "version": versions["libimagequant"],
+            "scope": "optional",
+            "description": "Improved colour quantization (optional).",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "GPL-3.0-or-later"}}],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://pngquant.org/lib/"},
+                {
+                    "type": "distribution",
+                    "url": "https://github.com/ImageOptim/libimagequant/tags",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:generic/libjpeg",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "libjpeg / libjpeg-turbo",
+            "version": versions["jpegturbo"],
+            "description": "JPEG codec (required by default; disable with "
+            "-C jpeg=disable).",
+            "licenses": [
+                {"license": {"id": "IJG"}},
+                {"license": {"id": "BSD-3-Clause"}},
+            ],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://ijg.org"},
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://libjpeg-turbo.org"},
+                {
+                    "type": "distribution",
+                    "url": "https://github.com/libjpeg-turbo/libjpeg-turbo/releases",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:generic/libtiff",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "libtiff",
+            "version": versions["tiff"],
+            "scope": "optional",
+            "description": "TIFF codec (optional).",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "libtiff"}}],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://libtiff.gitlab.io/libtiff/"},
+                {
+                    "type": "distribution",
+                    "url": "https://download.osgeo.org/libtiff/",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:generic/libwebp",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "libwebp",
+            "version": versions["libwebp"],
+            "scope": "optional",
+            "description": "WebP codec (optional, used by PIL._webp).",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "BSD-3-Clause"}}],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {
+                    "type": "website",
+                    "url": "https://chromium.googlesource.com/webm/libwebp",
+                },
+                {
+                    "type": "distribution",
+                    "url": "https://chromium.googlesource.com/webm/libwebp",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:generic/libxcb",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "libxcb",
+            "version": versions["libxcb"],
+            "scope": "optional",
+            "description": "X11 screen-grab support (optional, "
+            "used by PIL._imaging on macOS and Linux).",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "X11"}}],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://xcb.freedesktop.org"},
+                {
+                    "type": "distribution",
+                    "url": "https://xcb.freedesktop.org/dist/",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:generic/littlecms2",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "Little CMS 2",
+            "version": versions["lcms2"],
+            "scope": "optional",
+            "description": "Colour management (optional, used by PIL._imagingcms).",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "MIT"}}],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://www.littlecms.com"},
+                {
+                    "type": "distribution",
+                    "url": "https://github.com/mm2/Little-CMS/releases",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:generic/openjpeg",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "OpenJPEG",
+            "version": versions["openjpeg"],
+            "scope": "optional",
+            "description": "JPEG 2000 codec (optional).",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "BSD-2-Clause"}}],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://www.openjpeg.org"},
+                {
+                    "type": "distribution",
+                    "url": "https://github.com/uclouvain/openjpeg/releases",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:pypi/pybind11",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "pybind11",
+            "scope": "excluded",
+            "description": "Parallel C compilation library (build-time dependency).",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "BSD-3-Clause"}}],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://pybind11.readthedocs.io"},
+                {
+                    "type": "distribution",
+                    "url": "https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/releases",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "bom-ref": "pkg:generic/zlib",
+            "type": "library",
+            "name": "zlib",
+            "version": versions["zlib-ng"],
+            "description": "Deflate/PNG compression (required by default; "
+            "disable with -C zlib=disable).",
+            "licenses": [{"license": {"id": "Zlib"}}],
+            "externalReferences": [
+                {"type": "website", "url": "https://zlib.net"},
+                {"type": "distribution", "url": "https://zlib.net"},
+            ],
+        },
+    ]
+
+    dependencies = [
+        {
+            "ref": purl,
+            "dependsOn": [e["bom-ref"] for e in ext_components],
+        },
+        {
+            "ref": f"{purl}#c-ext/PIL._avif",
+            "dependsOn": ["pkg:generic/libavif"],
+        },
+        {
+            "ref": f"{purl}#c-ext/PIL._imaging",
+            "dependsOn": [
+                "pkg:generic/libimagequant",
+                "pkg:generic/libjpeg",
+                "pkg:generic/libtiff",
+                "pkg:generic/libxcb",
+                "pkg:generic/openjpeg",
+                "pkg:generic/zlib",
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "ref": f"{purl}#c-ext/PIL._imagingcms",
+            "dependsOn": ["pkg:generic/littlecms2"],
+        },
+        {
+            "ref": f"{purl}#c-ext/PIL._imagingft",
+            "dependsOn": [
+                "pkg:generic/freetype2",
+                "pkg:generic/fribidi",
+                "pkg:generic/harfbuzz",
+                f"{purl}#thirdparty/fribidi-shim",
+                f"{purl}#thirdparty/raqm",
+            ],
+        },
+        {
+            "ref": f"{purl}#c-ext/PIL._webp",
+            "dependsOn": ["pkg:generic/libwebp"],
+        },
+        {
+            "ref": f"{purl}#thirdparty/raqm",
+            "dependsOn": [
+                "pkg:generic/harfbuzz",
+                f"{purl}#thirdparty/fribidi-shim",
+            ],
+        },
+    ]
+
+    return {
+        "$schema": "http://cyclonedx.org/schema/bom-1.7.schema.json",
+        "bomFormat": "CycloneDX",
+        "specVersion": "1.7",
+        "serialNumber": f"urn:uuid:{serial}",
+        "version": 1,
+        "metadata": {
+            "timestamp": now,
+            "lifecycles": [{"phase": "build"}],
+            "tools": {
+                "components": [
+                    {
+                        "type": "application",
+                        "name": "generate-sbom.py",
+                        "group": "pillow",
+                    }
+                ]
+            },
+            "component": metadata_component,
+        },
+        "components": ext_components + vendored_components + native_deps,
+        "dependencies": dependencies,
+    }
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    version = get_version()
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description=__doc__, formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "output",
+        nargs="?",
+        type=Path,
+        default=Path(f"pillow-{version}.cdx.json"),
+        help="output file",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    sbom = generate(version)
+    args.output.write_text(json.dumps(sbom, indent=2) + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    print(
+        f"Wrote {args.output} (Pillow {version}, {len(sbom['components'])} components)"
+    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

.github/renovate.json

@@ -6,16 +6,170 @@
     "labels": [
         "Dependency"
     ],
+    "minimumReleaseAge": "7 days",
+    "prCreation": "not-pending",
+    "schedule": [
+        "* * 3 * *"
+    ],
+    "customManagers": [
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"brotli\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "brotli",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "google/brotli",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-releases",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^v(?<version>.+)$"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"bzip2\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "bzip2",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "bzip2/bzip2",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "gitlab-tags",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^bzip2-(?<version>.+)$"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"freetype\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "freetype",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "freetype/freetype",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "gitlab-tags",
+            "registryUrlTemplate": "https://gitlab.freedesktop.org",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^VER-(?<version>[\\d-]+)$",
+            "versioningTemplate": "regex:^(?<major>\\d+)[.-](?<minor>\\d+)[.-](?<patch>\\d+)$"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"fribidi\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "fribidi",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "fribidi/fribidi",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-releases",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^v(?<version>.+)$"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"harfbuzz\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "harfbuzz",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "harfbuzz/harfbuzz",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-releases"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"jpegturbo\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "jpegturbo",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "libjpeg-turbo/libjpeg-turbo",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-releases"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"lcms2\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "lcms2",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "mm2/Little-CMS",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-releases",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^lcms(?<version>.+)$"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"libavif\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "libavif",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "AOMediaCodec/libavif",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-releases",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^v(?<version>.+)$"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"libimagequant\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "libimagequant",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "ImageOptim/libimagequant",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-tags"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"libpng\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "libpng",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "pnggroup/libpng",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-tags",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^v(?<version>.+)$"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"libwebp\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "libwebp",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "webmproject/libwebp",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-tags",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^v(?<version>.+)$"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"libxcb\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "libxcb",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "xorg/lib/libxcb",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "gitlab-tags",
+            "registryUrlTemplate": "https://gitlab.freedesktop.org",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^libxcb-(?<version>.+)$"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"openjpeg\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "openjpeg",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "uclouvain/openjpeg",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-releases",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^v(?<version>.+)$"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"tiff\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "tiff",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "libtiff/libtiff",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "gitlab-tags",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^v(?<version>.+)$"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"xz\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "xz",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "tukaani-project/xz",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-releases",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^v(?<version>.+)$"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"zlib-ng\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "zlib-ng",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "zlib-ng/zlib-ng",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-releases"
+        },
+        {
+            "customType": "regex",
+            "managerFilePatterns": ["/^\\.github/dependencies\\.json$/"],
+            "matchStrings": ["\"zstd\":\\s*\"(?<currentValue>\\d+[^\"]*)\""],
+            "depNameTemplate": "zstd",
+            "packageNameTemplate": "facebook/zstd",
+            "datasourceTemplate": "github-releases",
+            "extractVersionTemplate": "^v(?<version>.+)$"
+        }
+    ],
     "packageRules": [
         {
             "groupName": "github-actions",
-            "matchManagers": [
-                "github-actions"
-            ],
+            "matchManagers": ["github-actions"],
             "separateMajorMinor": false
         }
-    ],
-    "schedule": [
-        "* * 3 * *"
     ]
 }

.github/workflows/Brewfile

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+brew "aom"
+brew "dav1d"
+brew "freetype"
+brew "ghostscript"
+brew "jpeg-turbo"
+brew "libimagequant"
+brew "libraqm"
+brew "libtiff"
+brew "little-cms2"
+brew "openjpeg"
+brew "rav1e"
+brew "svt-av1"
+brew "webp"

.github/workflows/cifuzz.yml

@@ -4,17 +4,14 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - "**"
-    paths:
+    paths: &paths
+      - ".github/dependencies.json"
       - ".github/workflows/cifuzz.yml"
       - ".github/workflows/wheels-dependencies.sh"
       - "**.c"
       - "**.h"
   pull_request:
-    paths:
-      - ".github/workflows/cifuzz.yml"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheels-dependencies.sh"
-      - "**.c"
-      - "**.h"
+    paths: *paths
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
@@ -24,33 +21,36 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
+env:
+  FORCE_COLOR: 1
+
 jobs:
   Fuzzing:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
     - name: Build Fuzzers
       id: build
-      uses: google/oss-fuzz/infra/cifuzz/actions/build_fuzzers@master
+      uses: google/oss-fuzz/infra/cifuzz/actions/build_fuzzers@d87225267726cf7ce1a3e17cf103c5ac943c4f05 # master
       with:
         oss-fuzz-project-name: 'pillow'
         language: python
         dry-run: false
     - name: Run Fuzzers
       id: run
-      uses: google/oss-fuzz/infra/cifuzz/actions/run_fuzzers@master
+      uses: google/oss-fuzz/infra/cifuzz/actions/run_fuzzers@d87225267726cf7ce1a3e17cf103c5ac943c4f05 # master
       with:
         oss-fuzz-project-name: 'pillow'
         fuzz-seconds: 600
         language: python
         dry-run: false
     - name: Upload New Crash
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
       if: failure() && steps.build.outcome == 'success'
       with:
         name: artifacts
         path: ./out/artifacts
     - name: Upload Legacy Crash
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
       if: steps.run.outcome == 'success'
       with:
         name: crash

.github/workflows/docs.yml

@@ -4,15 +4,12 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - "**"
-    paths:
+    paths: &paths
       - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
       - "docs/**"
       - "src/PIL/**"
   pull_request:
-    paths:
-      - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
-      - "docs/**"
-      - "src/PIL/**"
+    paths: *paths
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
@@ -32,12 +29,12 @@ jobs:
     name: Docs
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+      uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
         cache: pip
@@ -48,19 +45,35 @@ jobs:
     - name: Build system information
       run: python3 .github/workflows/system-info.py
 
+    - name: Cache libavif
+      uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+      id: cache-libavif
+      with:
+        path: ~/cache-libavif
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-libavif-${{ hashFiles('depends/install_libavif.sh', 'depends/libavif-svt4.patch') }}
+
     - name: Cache libimagequant
-      uses: actions/cache@v4
+      uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
       id: cache-libimagequant
       with:
         path: ~/cache-libimagequant
         key: ${{ runner.os }}-libimagequant-${{ hashFiles('depends/install_imagequant.sh') }}
 
+    - name: Cache libwebp
+      uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+      id: cache-libwebp
+      with:
+        path: ~/cache-libwebp
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-libwebp-${{ hashFiles('depends/install_webp.sh') }}
+
     - name: Install Linux dependencies
       run: |
         .ci/install.sh
       env:
         GHA_PYTHON_VERSION: "3.x"
+        GHA_LIBAVIF_CACHE_HIT: ${{ steps.cache-libavif.outputs.cache-hit }}
         GHA_LIBIMAGEQUANT_CACHE_HIT: ${{ steps.cache-libimagequant.outputs.cache-hit }}
+        GHA_LIBWEBP_CACHE_HIT: ${{ steps.cache-libwebp.outputs.cache-hit }}
 
     - name: Build
       run: |

.github/workflows/lint.yml

@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     name: Lint
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
         with:
-          python-version: "3.10"
+          python-version: "3.x"
       - name: Install uv
-        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
+        uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@08807647e7069bb48b6ef5acd8ec9567f424441b # v8.1.0
       - name: Lint
         run: uvx --with tox-uv tox -e lint
       - name: Mypy

.github/workflows/macos-install.sh

@@ -2,20 +2,7 @@
 
 set -e
 
-brew install \
-    aom \
-    dav1d \
-    freetype \
-    ghostscript \
-    jpeg-turbo \
-    libimagequant \
-    libraqm \
-    libtiff \
-    little-cms2 \
-    openjpeg \
-    rav1e \
-    svt-av1 \
-    webp
+brew bundle --file=.github/workflows/Brewfile
 export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/local/opt/openblas/lib/pkgconfig"
 
 python3 -m pip install coverage

.github/workflows/release-drafter.yml

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
+env:
+  FORCE_COLOR: 1
+
 jobs:
   update_release_draft:
     permissions:
@@ -23,6 +26,6 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       # Drafts your next release notes as pull requests are merged into "main"
-      - uses: release-drafter/release-drafter@v6
+      - uses: release-drafter/release-drafter@5de93583980a40bd78603b6dfdcda5b4df377b32 # v7.2.0
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/stale.yml

@@ -12,9 +12,12 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
+env:
+  FORCE_COLOR: 1
+
 jobs:
   stale:
-    if: github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow'
+    if: github.event.repository.fork == false
     permissions:
       issues: write
 
@@ -22,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: "Check issues"
-      uses: actions/stale@v10
+      uses: actions/stale@b5d41d4e1d5dceea10e7104786b73624c18a190f # v10.2.0
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         only-labels: "Awaiting OP Action"

.github/workflows/test-docker.yml

@@ -4,19 +4,14 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - "**"
-    paths-ignore:
+    paths-ignore: &paths-ignore
       - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
       - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
       - ".gitmodules"
       - "docs/**"
       - "wheels/**"
   pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
-      - ".gitmodules"
-      - "docs/**"
-      - "wheels/**"
+    paths-ignore: *paths-ignore
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
@@ -26,6 +21,9 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
+env:
+  FORCE_COLOR: 1
+
 jobs:
   build:
 
@@ -36,39 +34,37 @@ jobs:
         os: ["ubuntu-latest"]
         docker: [
           # Run slower jobs first to give them a headstart and reduce waiting time
-          ubuntu-24.04-noble-ppc64le,
-          ubuntu-24.04-noble-s390x,
+          ubuntu-26.04-resolute-ppc64le,
+          ubuntu-26.04-resolute-s390x,
           # Then run the remainder
           alpine,
-          amazon-2-amd64,
           amazon-2023-amd64,
           arch,
           centos-stream-9-amd64,
           centos-stream-10-amd64,
-          debian-12-bookworm-x86,
-          debian-12-bookworm-amd64,
           debian-13-trixie-x86,
           debian-13-trixie-amd64,
-          fedora-42-amd64,
           fedora-43-amd64,
+          fedora-44-amd64,
           gentoo,
           ubuntu-22.04-jammy-amd64,
           ubuntu-24.04-noble-amd64,
+          ubuntu-26.04-resolute-amd64,
         ]
         dockerTag: [main]
         include:
-          - docker: "ubuntu-24.04-noble-ppc64le"
+          - docker: "ubuntu-26.04-resolute-ppc64le"
             qemu-arch: "ppc64le"
-          - docker: "ubuntu-24.04-noble-s390x"
+          - docker: "ubuntu-26.04-resolute-s390x"
             qemu-arch: "s390x"
-          - docker: "ubuntu-24.04-noble-arm64v8"
+          - docker: "ubuntu-26.04-resolute-arm64v8"
             os: "ubuntu-24.04-arm"
             dockerTag: main
 
     name: ${{ matrix.docker }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
@@ -77,13 +73,13 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Set up QEMU
       if: "matrix.qemu-arch"
-      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
+      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@ce360397dd3f832beb865e1373c09c0e9f86d70a # v4.0.0
       with:
         platforms: ${{ matrix.qemu-arch }}
 
     - name: Docker pull
       run: |
-        docker pull pythonpillow/${{ matrix.docker }}:${{ matrix.dockerTag }}
+        docker pull ${{ matrix.qemu-arch && format('--platform=linux/{0}', matrix.qemu-arch)}} pythonpillow/${{ matrix.docker }}:${{ matrix.dockerTag }}
 
     - name: Docker build
       run: |
@@ -105,11 +101,10 @@ jobs:
         .ci/after_success.sh
 
     - name: Upload coverage
-      uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+      uses: codecov/codecov-action@57e3a136b779b570ffcdbf80b3bdc90e7fab3de2 # v6.0.0
       with:
         flags: GHA_Docker
         name: ${{ matrix.docker }}
-        token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_ORG_TOKEN }}
 
   success:
     permissions:

.github/workflows/test-mingw.yml

@@ -4,19 +4,14 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - "**"
-    paths-ignore:
+    paths-ignore: &paths-ignore
       - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
       - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
       - ".gitmodules"
       - "docs/**"
       - "wheels/**"
   pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
-      - ".gitmodules"
-      - "docs/**"
-      - "wheels/**"
+    paths-ignore: *paths-ignore
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
@@ -28,6 +23,7 @@ concurrency:
 
 env:
   COVERAGE_CORE: sysmon
+  FORCE_COLOR: 1
 
 jobs:
   build:
@@ -45,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout Pillow
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
 
@@ -86,9 +82,8 @@ jobs:
           .ci/test.sh
 
       - name: Upload coverage
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@57e3a136b779b570ffcdbf80b3bdc90e7fab3de2 # v6.0.0
         with:
           files: ./coverage.xml
           flags: GHA_Windows
           name: "MSYS2 MinGW"
-          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_ORG_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/test-valgrind-memory.yml

@@ -8,12 +8,13 @@ on:
   #   branches:
   #     - "**"
   #   paths:
-  #     - ".github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml"
+  #     - ".github/workflows/test-valgrind-memory.yml"
   #     - "**.c"
   #     - "**.h"
+  #     - "depends/docker-test-valgrind-memory.sh"
   pull_request:
     paths:
-      - ".github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml"
+      - ".github/workflows/test-valgrind-memory.yml"
       - "**.c"
       - "**.h"
       - "depends/docker-test-valgrind-memory.sh"
@@ -26,6 +27,9 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
+env:
+  FORCE_COLOR: 1
+
 jobs:
   build:
 
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
     name: ${{ matrix.docker }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 

.github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml

@@ -6,15 +6,12 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - "**"
-    paths:
+    paths: &paths
       - ".github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml"
       - "**.c"
       - "**.h"
   pull_request:
-    paths:
-      - ".github/workflows/test-valgrind.yml"
-      - "**.c"
-      - "**.h"
+    paths: *paths
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
@@ -24,6 +21,9 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
+env:
+  FORCE_COLOR: 1
+
 jobs:
   build:
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
     name: ${{ matrix.docker }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 

.github/workflows/test-windows.yml

@@ -4,19 +4,14 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - "**"
-    paths-ignore:
+    paths-ignore: &paths-ignore
       - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
       - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
       - ".gitmodules"
       - "docs/**"
       - "wheels/**"
   pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
-      - ".gitmodules"
-      - "docs/**"
-      - "wheels/**"
+    paths-ignore: *paths-ignore
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
@@ -28,6 +23,7 @@ concurrency:
 
 env:
   COVERAGE_CORE: sysmon
+  FORCE_COLOR: 1
 
 jobs:
   build:
@@ -48,19 +44,19 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout Pillow
-      uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Checkout cached dependencies
-      uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
         repository: python-pillow/pillow-depends
         path: winbuild\depends
 
     - name: Checkout extra test images
-      uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
         repository: python-pillow/test-images
@@ -68,7 +64,7 @@ jobs:
 
     # sets env: pythonLocation
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+      uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         allow-prereleases: true
@@ -98,8 +94,8 @@ jobs:
         choco install nasm --no-progress
         echo "C:\Program Files\NASM" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH
 
-        choco install ghostscript --version=10.6.0 --no-progress
-        echo "C:\Program Files\gs\gs10.06.0\bin" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH
+        choco install ghostscript --version=10.7.0 --no-progress
+        echo "C:\Program Files\gs\gs10.07.0\bin" >> $env:GITHUB_PATH
 
         # Install extra test images
         xcopy /S /Y Tests\test-images\* Tests\images
@@ -112,7 +108,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Cache build
       id: build-cache
-      uses: actions/cache@v4
+      uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
       with:
         path: winbuild\build
         key:
@@ -188,8 +184,9 @@ jobs:
     # trim ~150MB for each job
     - name: Optimize build cache
       if: steps.build-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      run: rmdir /S /Q winbuild\build\src
-      shell: cmd
+      run: |
+        rm -rf winbuild\build\src
+      shell: bash
 
     - name: Build Pillow
       run: |
@@ -206,9 +203,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - name: Test Pillow
       run: |
-        path %GITHUB_WORKSPACE%\winbuild\build\bin;%PATH%
         .ci\test.cmd
-      shell: cmd
 
     - name: Prepare to upload errors
       if: failure()
@@ -217,7 +212,7 @@ jobs:
       shell: bash
 
     - name: Upload errors
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
       if: failure()
       with:
         name: errors
@@ -229,12 +224,11 @@ jobs:
       shell: pwsh
 
     - name: Upload coverage
-      uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+      uses: codecov/codecov-action@57e3a136b779b570ffcdbf80b3bdc90e7fab3de2 # v6.0.0
       with:
         files: ./coverage.xml
         flags: GHA_Windows
         name: ${{ runner.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-        token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_ORG_TOKEN }}
 
   success:
     permissions:

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -4,19 +4,14 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - "**"
-    paths-ignore:
+    paths-ignore: &paths-ignore
       - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
       - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
       - ".gitmodules"
       - "docs/**"
       - "wheels/**"
   pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - ".github/workflows/docs.yml"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
-      - ".gitmodules"
-      - "docs/**"
-      - "wheels/**"
+    paths-ignore: *paths-ignore
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
@@ -29,6 +24,7 @@ concurrency:
 env:
   COVERAGE_CORE: sysmon
   FORCE_COLOR: 1
+  PIP_DISABLE_PIP_VERSION_CHECK: 1
 
 jobs:
   build:
@@ -46,7 +42,6 @@ jobs:
           "3.15",
           "3.14t",
           "3.14",
-          "3.13t",
           "3.13",
           "3.12",
           "3.11",
@@ -55,12 +50,8 @@ jobs:
         include:
         - { python-version: "3.12", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 1, REVERSE: "--reverse" }
         - { python-version: "3.11", PYTHONOPTIMIZE: 2 }
-        # Free-threaded
-        - { python-version: "3.15t", disable-gil: true }
-        - { python-version: "3.14t", disable-gil: true }
-        - { python-version: "3.13t", disable-gil: true }
         # Intel
-        - { os: "macos-15-intel", python-version: "3.10" }
+        - { os: "macos-26-intel", python-version: "3.10" }
         exclude:
         - { os: "macos-latest", python-version: "3.10" }
 
@@ -68,12 +59,12 @@ jobs:
     name: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
 
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+      uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
       with:
         python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         allow-prereleases: true
@@ -82,29 +73,42 @@ jobs:
           ".ci/*.sh"
           "pyproject.toml"
 
-    - name: Set PYTHON_GIL
-      if: "${{ matrix.disable-gil }}"
-      run: |
-        echo "PYTHON_GIL=0" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-
     - name: Build system information
       run: python3 .github/workflows/system-info.py
 
+    - name: Cache libavif
+      if: startsWith(matrix.os, 'ubuntu')
+      uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+      id: cache-libavif
+      with:
+        path: ~/cache-libavif
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-libavif-${{ hashFiles('depends/install_libavif.sh', 'depends/libavif-svt4.patch') }}
+
     - name: Cache libimagequant
       if: startsWith(matrix.os, 'ubuntu')
-      uses: actions/cache@v4
+      uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
       id: cache-libimagequant
       with:
         path: ~/cache-libimagequant
         key: ${{ runner.os }}-libimagequant-${{ hashFiles('depends/install_imagequant.sh') }}
 
+    - name: Cache libwebp
+      if: startsWith(matrix.os, 'ubuntu')
+      uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
+      id: cache-libwebp
+      with:
+        path: ~/cache-libwebp
+        key: ${{ runner.os }}-libwebp-${{ hashFiles('depends/install_webp.sh') }}
+
     - name: Install Linux dependencies
       if: startsWith(matrix.os, 'ubuntu')
       run: |
         .ci/install.sh
       env:
         GHA_PYTHON_VERSION: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+        GHA_LIBAVIF_CACHE_HIT: ${{ steps.cache-libavif.outputs.cache-hit }}
         GHA_LIBIMAGEQUANT_CACHE_HIT: ${{ steps.cache-libimagequant.outputs.cache-hit }}
+        GHA_LIBWEBP_CACHE_HIT: ${{ steps.cache-libwebp.outputs.cache-hit }}
 
     - name: Install macOS dependencies
       if: startsWith(matrix.os, 'macOS')
@@ -143,7 +147,7 @@ jobs:
         mkdir -p Tests/errors
 
     - name: Upload errors
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
       if: failure()
       with:
         name: errors
@@ -154,11 +158,10 @@ jobs:
         .ci/after_success.sh
 
     - name: Upload coverage
-      uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
+      uses: codecov/codecov-action@57e3a136b779b570ffcdbf80b3bdc90e7fab3de2 # v6.0.0
       with:
         flags: ${{ matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest' && 'GHA_Ubuntu' || 'GHA_macOS' }}
         name: ${{ matrix.os }} Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
-        token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_ORG_TOKEN }}
 
   success:
     permissions:

.github/workflows/wheels-dependencies.sh

@@ -89,26 +89,23 @@ fi
 
 ARCHIVE_SDIR=pillow-depends-main
 
-# Package versions for fresh source builds.
-if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
-  FREETYPE_VERSION=2.13.3
-else
-  FREETYPE_VERSION=2.14.1
-fi
-HARFBUZZ_VERSION=12.3.0
-LIBPNG_VERSION=1.6.53
-JPEGTURBO_VERSION=3.1.3
-OPENJPEG_VERSION=2.5.4
-XZ_VERSION=5.8.2
-ZSTD_VERSION=1.5.7
-TIFF_VERSION=4.7.1
-LCMS2_VERSION=2.17
-ZLIB_NG_VERSION=2.3.2
-LIBWEBP_VERSION=1.6.0
-BZIP2_VERSION=1.0.8
-LIBXCB_VERSION=1.17.0
-BROTLI_VERSION=1.2.0
-LIBAVIF_VERSION=1.3.0
+VERSIONS_FILE="$PROJECTDIR/.github/dependencies.json"
+_get_ver() { python3 -c "import json; print(json.load(open('$VERSIONS_FILE'))['$1'])"; }
+FREETYPE_VERSION=$(_get_ver freetype)
+HARFBUZZ_VERSION=$(_get_ver harfbuzz)
+LIBPNG_VERSION=$(_get_ver libpng)
+JPEGTURBO_VERSION=$(_get_ver jpegturbo)
+OPENJPEG_VERSION=$(_get_ver openjpeg)
+XZ_VERSION=$(_get_ver xz)
+ZSTD_VERSION=$(_get_ver zstd)
+TIFF_VERSION=$(_get_ver tiff)
+LCMS2_VERSION=$(_get_ver lcms2)
+ZLIB_NG_VERSION=$(_get_ver zlib-ng)
+LIBWEBP_VERSION=$(_get_ver libwebp)
+BZIP2_VERSION=$(_get_ver bzip2)
+LIBXCB_VERSION=$(_get_ver libxcb)
+BROTLI_VERSION=$(_get_ver brotli)
+LIBAVIF_VERSION=$(_get_ver libavif)
 
 function build_pkg_config {
     if [ -e pkg-config-stamp ]; then return; fi
@@ -182,7 +179,6 @@ function build_libavif {
         build_simple nasm 2.16.03 https://www.nasm.us/pub/nasm/releasebuilds/2.16.03
     fi
 
-    local build_type=MinSizeRel
     local build_shared=ON
     local lto=ON
 
@@ -199,9 +195,6 @@ function build_libavif {
             build_shared=OFF
         fi
     else
-        if [[ "$MB_ML_VER" == 2014 ]] && [[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]]; then
-            build_type=Release
-        fi
         libavif_cmake_flags=(-DCMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS_INIT="-Wl,--strip-all,-z,relro,-z,now")
     fi
     if [[ -n "$IOS_SDK" ]] && [[ "$PLAT" == "x86_64" ]]; then
@@ -230,7 +223,7 @@ function build_libavif {
             -DCMAKE_INTERPROCEDURAL_OPTIMIZATION=$lto \
             -DCMAKE_C_VISIBILITY_PRESET=hidden \
             -DCMAKE_CXX_VISIBILITY_PRESET=hidden \
-            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=$build_type \
+            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel \
             "${libavif_cmake_flags[@]}" \
             $HOST_CMAKE_FLAGS . )
 
@@ -267,7 +260,7 @@ function build {
 
     build_simple xcb-proto 1.17.0 https://xorg.freedesktop.org/archive/individual/proto
     if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
-        build_simple xorgproto 2024.1 https://www.x.org/pub/individual/proto
+        build_simple xorgproto 2025.1 https://www.x.org/pub/individual/proto
         build_simple libXau 1.0.12 https://www.x.org/pub/individual/lib
         build_simple libpthread-stubs 0.5 https://xcb.freedesktop.org/dist
     else
@@ -310,10 +303,6 @@ function build {
 
     if [[ -n "$IS_MACOS" ]]; then
         # Custom freetype build
-        if [[ -z "$IOS_SDK" ]]; then
-          build_simple sed 4.9 https://mirrors.middlendian.com/gnu/sed
-        fi
-
         build_simple freetype $FREETYPE_VERSION https://download.savannah.gnu.org/releases/freetype tar.gz --with-harfbuzz=no
     else
         build_freetype

.github/workflows/wheels.yml

@@ -10,9 +10,13 @@ on:
   #        │  │ │ │ │
   - cron: "42 1 * * 0,3"
   push:
-    paths:
+    paths: &paths
       - ".ci/requirements-cibw.txt"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheel*"
+      - ".ci/requirements-sbom.txt"
+      - ".github/compare-dist-sizes.py"
+      - ".github/dependencies.json"
+      - ".github/generate-sbom.py"
+      - ".github/workflows/wheels*"
       - "pyproject.toml"
       - "setup.py"
       - "wheels/*"
@@ -21,14 +25,7 @@ on:
     tags:
       - "*"
   pull_request:
-    paths:
-      - ".ci/requirements-cibw.txt"
-      - ".github/workflows/wheel*"
-      - "pyproject.toml"
-      - "setup.py"
-      - "wheels/*"
-      - "winbuild/build_prepare.py"
-      - "winbuild/fribidi.cmake"
+    paths: *paths
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
@@ -39,12 +36,12 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 env:
-  EXPECTED_DISTS: 91
+  EXPECTED_DISTS: 66
   FORCE_COLOR: 1
 
 jobs:
   build-native-wheels:
-    if: github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow'
+    if: github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.event.repository.fork == false
     name: ${{ matrix.name }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
@@ -53,19 +50,19 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - name: "macOS 10.10 x86_64"
             platform: macos
-            os: macos-15-intel
+            os: macos-26-intel
             cibw_arch: x86_64
             build: "cp3{10,11}*"
             macosx_deployment_target: "10.10"
           - name: "macOS 10.13 x86_64"
             platform: macos
-            os: macos-15-intel
+            os: macos-26-intel
             cibw_arch: x86_64
             build: "cp3{12,13}*"
             macosx_deployment_target: "10.13"
           - name: "macOS 10.15 x86_64"
             platform: macos
-            os: macos-15-intel
+            os: macos-26-intel
             cibw_arch: x86_64
             build: "{cp314,pp3}*"
             macosx_deployment_target: "10.15"
@@ -74,26 +71,26 @@ jobs:
             os: macos-latest
             cibw_arch: arm64
             macosx_deployment_target: "11.0"
-          - name: "manylinux2014 and musllinux x86_64"
-            platform: linux
-            os: ubuntu-latest
-            cibw_arch: x86_64
-            manylinux: "manylinux2014"
           - name: "manylinux_2_28 x86_64"
             platform: linux
             os: ubuntu-latest
             cibw_arch: x86_64
             build: "*manylinux*"
-          - name: "manylinux2014 and musllinux aarch64"
+          - name: "musllinux x86_64"
             platform: linux
-            os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
-            cibw_arch: aarch64
-            manylinux: "manylinux2014"
+            os: ubuntu-latest
+            cibw_arch: x86_64
+            build: "*musllinux*"
           - name: "manylinux_2_28 aarch64"
             platform: linux
             os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
             cibw_arch: aarch64
             build: "*manylinux*"
+          - name: "musllinux aarch64"
+            platform: linux
+            os: ubuntu-24.04-arm
+            cibw_arch: aarch64
+            build: "*musllinux*"
           - name: "iOS arm64 device"
             platform: ios
             os: macos-latest
@@ -104,15 +101,15 @@ jobs:
             cibw_arch: arm64_iphonesimulator
           - name: "iOS x86_64 simulator"
             platform: ios
-            os: macos-15-intel
+            os: macos-26-intel
             cibw_arch: x86_64_iphonesimulator
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
           submodules: true
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
 
@@ -127,20 +124,16 @@ jobs:
           CIBW_PLATFORM: ${{ matrix.platform }}
           CIBW_ARCHS: ${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
           CIBW_BUILD: ${{ matrix.build }}
-          CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease cpython-freethreading pypy
-          CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.manylinux }}
-          CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_AARCH64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.manylinux }}
-          CIBW_MANYLINUX_PYPY_X86_64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.manylinux }}
-          CIBW_MANYLINUX_X86_64_IMAGE: ${{ matrix.manylinux }}
+          CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease pypy
           MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: ${{ matrix.macosx_deployment_target }}
 
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
         with:
           name: dist-${{ matrix.name }}
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 
   windows:
-    if: github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow'
+    if: github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.event.repository.fork == false
     name: Windows ${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     strategy:
@@ -154,18 +147,18 @@ jobs:
           - cibw_arch: ARM64
             os: windows-11-arm
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
 
       - name: Checkout extra test images
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
         with:
           persist-credentials: false
           repository: python-pillow/test-images
           path: Tests\test-images
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
         with:
           python-version: "3.x"
 
@@ -186,29 +179,23 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Build wheels
         run: |
-          setlocal EnableDelayedExpansion
-          for %%f in (winbuild\build\license\*) do (
-            set x=%%~nf
-            rem Skip FriBiDi license, it is not included in the wheel.
-            set fribidi=!x:~0,7!
-            if NOT !fribidi!==fribidi (
-              rem Skip imagequant license, it is not included in the wheel.
-              set libimagequant=!x:~0,13!
-              if NOT !libimagequant!==libimagequant (
-                echo. >> LICENSE
-                echo ===== %%~nf ===== >> LICENSE
-                echo. >> LICENSE
-                type %%f >> LICENSE
-              )
-            )
-          )
-          call winbuild\\build\\build_env.cmd
-          %pythonLocation%\python.exe -m cibuildwheel . --output-dir wheelhouse
+          for f in winbuild/build/license/*; do
+            name=$(basename "${f%.*}")
+            # Skip FriBiDi license, it is not included in the wheel.
+            [[ $name == fribidi* ]] && continue
+            # Skip imagequant license, it is not included in the wheel.
+            [[ $name == libimagequant* ]] && continue
+            echo "" >> LICENSE
+            echo "===== $name =====" >> LICENSE
+            echo "" >> LICENSE
+            cat "$f" >> LICENSE
+          done
+          cmd //c "winbuild\\build\\build_env.cmd && $pythonLocation\\python.exe -m cibuildwheel . --output-dir wheelhouse"
         env:
           CIBW_ARCHS: ${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
           CIBW_BEFORE_ALL: "{package}\\winbuild\\build\\build_dep_all.cmd"
           CIBW_CACHE_PATH: "C:\\cibw"
-          CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease cpython-freethreading pypy
+          CIBW_ENABLE: cpython-prerelease pypy
           CIBW_TEST_SKIP: "*-win_arm64"
           CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: 'docker run --rm
             -v {project}:C:\pillow
@@ -217,36 +204,36 @@ jobs:
             -e CI -e GITHUB_ACTIONS
             mcr.microsoft.com/windows/servercore:ltsc2022
             powershell C:\pillow\.github\workflows\wheels-test.ps1 %CD%\..\venv-test'
-        shell: cmd
+        shell: bash
 
       - name: Upload wheels
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
         with:
           name: dist-windows-${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
 
       - name: Upload fribidi.dll
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
         with:
           name: fribidi-windows-${{ matrix.cibw_arch }}
           path: winbuild\build\bin\fribidi*
 
   sdist:
-    if: github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow'
+    if: github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.event.repository.fork == false
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
       with:
         persist-credentials: false
 
     - name: Set up Python
-      uses: actions/setup-python@v6
+      uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
       with:
         python-version: "3.x"
 
     - run: make sdist
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
       with:
         name: dist-sdist
         path: dist/*.tar.gz
@@ -256,7 +243,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     name: Count dists
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
         with:
           pattern: dist-*
           path: dist
@@ -269,25 +256,98 @@ jobs:
           echo $files
           [ "$files" -eq $EXPECTED_DISTS ] || exit 1
 
+  compare-dist-sizes:
+    needs: [build-native-wheels, windows, sdist]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    name: Compare dist sizes vs PyPI
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@08807647e7069bb48b6ef5acd8ec9567f424441b # v8.1.0
+        with:
+          enable-cache: false
+
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          pattern: dist-*
+          path: dist
+          merge-multiple: true
+
+      - name: Compare dist sizes vs latest PyPI release
+        run: uv run .github/compare-dist-sizes.py dist
+
   scientific-python-nightly-wheels-publish:
-    if: github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow' && (github.event_name == 'schedule' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch')
+    if: github.event.repository.fork == false && (github.event_name == 'schedule' || github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch')
     needs: count-dists
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     name: Upload wheels to scientific-python-nightly-wheels
+    environment:
+      name: release-anaconda
+      url: https://anaconda.org/channels/scientific-python-nightly-wheels/packages/pillow/overview
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
         with:
           pattern: dist-!(sdist)*
           path: dist
           merge-multiple: true
       - name: Upload wheels to scientific-python-nightly-wheels
-        uses: scientific-python/upload-nightly-action@b36e8c0c10dbcfd2e05bf95f17ef8c14fd708dbf # 0.6.2
+        uses: scientific-python/upload-nightly-action@e76cfec8a4611fd02808a801b0ff5a7d7c1b2d99 # 0.6.4
         with:
           artifacts_path: dist
           anaconda_nightly_upload_token: ${{ secrets.ANACONDA_ORG_UPLOAD_TOKEN }}
 
+  sbom:
+    if: github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.event.repository.fork == false
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    name: Generate SBOM
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a309ff8b426b58ec0e2a45f0f869d46889d02405 # v6.2.0
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.x"
+
+      - name: Generate CycloneDX SBOM
+        run: python3 .github/generate-sbom.py
+
+      - name: Upload SBOM as workflow artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          name: sbom
+          path: "pillow-*.cdx.json"
+
+      - name: Validate SBOM
+        run: |
+          python3 -m pip install -r .ci/requirements-sbom.txt
+          check-jsonschema --schemafile "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/CycloneDX/specification/1.7/schema/bom-1.7.schema.json" pillow-*.cdx.json
+
+  sbom-publish:
+    if: |
+      github.event.repository.fork == false
+      && github.event_name == 'push'
+      && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags')
+    needs: [count-dists, sbom]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    name: Publish SBOM to GitHub release
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: sbom
+          path: .
+
+      - name: Attach SBOM to GitHub release
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: gh release upload "$GITHUB_REF_NAME" pillow-*.cdx.json
+
   pypi-publish:
-    if: github.repository_owner == 'python-pillow' && github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags')
+    if: github.event.repository.fork == false && github.event_name == 'push' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags')
     needs: count-dists
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     name: Upload release to PyPI
@@ -297,12 +357,12 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       id-token: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
         with:
           pattern: dist-*
           path: dist
           merge-multiple: true
       - name: Publish to PyPI
-        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
+        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@cef221092ed1bacb1cc03d23a2d87d1d172e277b # v1.14.0
         with:
           attestations: true

.github/zizmor.yml

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# https://docs.zizmor.sh/configuration/
-rules:
-  obfuscation:
-    disable: true
-  unpinned-uses:
-    config:
-      policies:
-        "*": ref-pin

.gitignore

@@ -97,3 +97,6 @@ pillow-test-images.zip
 
 # pyinstaller
 *.spec
+
+# Generated SBOM
+pillow-*.cdx.json

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.14.7
+    rev: v0.15.12
     hooks:
       - id: ruff-check
         args: [--exit-non-zero-on-fix]
 
   - repo: https://github.com/psf/black-pre-commit-mirror
-    rev: 25.11.0
+    rev: 26.3.1
     hooks:
       - id: black
 
   - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/bandit
-    rev: 1.9.2
+    rev: 1.9.4
     hooks:
     - id: bandit
       args: [--severity-level=high]
       files: ^src/
 
   - repo: https://github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v1.5.5
+    rev: v1.5.6
     hooks:
       - id: remove-tabs
         exclude: (Makefile$|\.bat$|\.cmake$|\.eps$|\.fits$|\.gd$|\.opt$)
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format
-    rev: v21.1.6
+    rev: v22.1.4
     hooks:
       - id: clang-format
         types: [c]
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
     rev: v6.0.0
     hooks:
+      - id: check-case-conflict
       - id: check-executables-have-shebangs
       - id: check-shebang-scripts-are-executable
       - id: check-merge-conflict
@@ -47,18 +48,20 @@ repos:
         args: [--allow-multiple-documents]
       - id: end-of-file-fixer
         exclude: ^Tests/images/
+      - id: file-contents-sorter
+        files: .github/workflows/Brewfile
       - id: trailing-whitespace
         exclude: ^\.github/.*TEMPLATE|^Tests/(fonts|images)/
 
   - repo: https://github.com/python-jsonschema/check-jsonschema
-    rev: 0.35.0
+    rev: 0.37.2
     hooks:
       - id: check-github-workflows
       - id: check-readthedocs
       - id: check-renovate
 
   - repo: https://github.com/zizmorcore/zizmor-pre-commit
-    rev: v1.18.0
+    rev: v1.24.1
     hooks:
       - id: zizmor
 
@@ -68,18 +71,18 @@ repos:
       - id: sphinx-lint
 
   - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/pyproject-fmt
-    rev: v2.11.1
+    rev: v2.21.1
     hooks:
       - id: pyproject-fmt
 
   - repo: https://github.com/abravalheri/validate-pyproject
-    rev: v0.24.1
+    rev: v0.25
     hooks:
       - id: validate-pyproject
-        additional_dependencies: [tomli, trove-classifiers>=2024.10.12]
+        additional_dependencies: [trove-classifiers>=2024.10.12]
 
   - repo: https://github.com/tox-dev/tox-ini-fmt
-    rev: 1.7.0
+    rev: 1.7.1
     hooks:
       - id: tox-ini-fmt
 

LICENSE

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ The Python Imaging Library (PIL) is
 
 Pillow is the friendly PIL fork. It is
 
-    Copyright © 2010 by Jeffrey A. Clark and contributors
+    Copyright © 2010 by Jeffrey 'Alex' Clark and contributors
 
 Like PIL, Pillow is licensed under the open source MIT-CMU License:
 

README.md

@@ -6,11 +6,13 @@
 
 ## Python Imaging Library (Fork)
 
-Pillow is the friendly PIL fork by [Jeffrey A. Clark and
+Pillow is the friendly PIL fork by [Jeffrey 'Alex' Clark and
 contributors](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/graphs/contributors).
 PIL is the Python Imaging Library by Fredrik Lundh and contributors.
-As of 2019, Pillow development is
-[supported by Tidelift](https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-pillow?utm_source=pypi-pillow&utm_medium=readme&utm_campaign=enterprise).
+Development is supported by:
+- [Tidelift](https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-pillow?utm_source=pypi-pillow&utm_medium=readme&utm_campaign=enterprise) (since 2018)
+- [Thanks.dev](https://thanks.dev) (since 2023)
+- [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/python-pillow) (since 2026)
 
 <table>
     <tr>
@@ -106,4 +108,8 @@ The core image library is designed for fast access to data stored in a few basic
 
 ## Report a vulnerability
 
-To report a security vulnerability, please follow the procedure described in the [Tidelift security policy](https://tidelift.com/docs/security).
+To report sensitive vulnerability information, report it [privately on GitHub](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories/new).
+
+If you cannot use GitHub, use the [Tidelift security contact](https://tidelift.com/security). Tidelift will coordinate the fix and disclosure.
+
+DO NOT report sensitive vulnerability information in public.

RELEASING.md

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ Released as needed for security, installation or critical bug fixes.
   git checkout -t remotes/origin/5.2.x
   ```
 * [ ] Cherry pick individual commits from `main` branch to release branch e.g. `5.2.x`, then `git push`.
+* [ ] If this is a security fix: amend commits to include the CVE identifier in the commit message.
 * [ ] Check [GitHub Actions](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/actions) to confirm passing tests in release branch e.g. `5.2.x`.
 * [ ] In compliance with [PEP 440](https://peps.python.org/pep-0440/), update version identifier in `src/PIL/_version.py`
 * [ ] Run pre-release check via `make release-test`.
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ Released as needed for security, installation or critical bug fixes.
   ```bash
   git push
   ```
+* [ ] If this is a security fix: publish the [GitHub Security Advisory or Advisories](https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories).
 
 ## Embargoed release
 

Tests/conftest.py

@@ -1,9 +1,17 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import io
+import sys
+import sysconfig
 
 import pytest
 
+FREE_THREADED_BUILD = bool(sysconfig.get_config_var("Py_GIL_DISABLED"))
+
+gil_enabled_at_start = True
+if FREE_THREADED_BUILD:
+    gil_enabled_at_start = sys._is_gil_enabled()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
 
 def pytest_report_header(config: pytest.Config) -> str:
     try:
@@ -16,6 +24,25 @@ def pytest_report_header(config: pytest.Config) -> str:
         return f"pytest_report_header failed: {e}"
 
 
+def pytest_terminal_summary(terminalreporter: pytest.TerminalReporter) -> None:
+    if (
+        FREE_THREADED_BUILD
+        and not gil_enabled_at_start
+        and sys._is_gil_enabled()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    ):
+        tr = terminalreporter
+        tr.ensure_newline()
+        tr.section("GIL re-enabled", red=True, bold=True)
+        tr.line("The GIL was re-enabled at runtime during the tests.")
+        tr.line("This can happen with no test failures if the RuntimeWarning")
+        tr.line("raised by Python when this happens is filtered by a test.")
+        tr.line("")
+        tr.line("Please ensure all new C modules declare support for running")
+        tr.line("without the GIL. Any new tests that intentionally imports")
+        tr.line("code that re-enables the GIL should do so in a subprocess.")
+        pytest.exit("GIL re-enabled during tests", returncode=1)
+
+
 def pytest_configure(config: pytest.Config) -> None:
     config.addinivalue_line(
         "markers",

Tests/fonts/fuzz_font-5203009437302784

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 STARTFONT
 FONT ÿ
 SIZE 10
-FONTBOUNDINGBOX
-CHARS
+FONTBOUNDINGBOX 1 1 0 0
+CHARS 1
 STARTCHAR 
-ENCODING
+ENCODING 65
 BBX 2 5
 ENDCHAR
 ENDFONT

Tests/test_arro3.py

@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ INT32 = DataShape(
     ),
 )
 def test_fromarray(mode: str, data_tp: DataShape, mask: list[int] | None) -> None:
-    (dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel) = data_tp
+    dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel = data_tp
 
     ct_pixels = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[0] * TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[1]
     if dtype == fl_uint8_4_type:
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ def test_fromarray(mode: str, data_tp: DataShape, mask: list[int] | None) -> Non
 )
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("data_tp", (UINT32, INT32))
 def test_from_int32array(mode: str, mask: list[int] | None, data_tp: DataShape) -> None:
-    (dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel) = data_tp
+    dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel = data_tp
 
     ct_pixels = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[0] * TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[1]
     arr = Array([elt] * (ct_pixels * elts_per_pixel), type=dtype)

Tests/test_arrow.py

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def test_multiblock_l_image() -> None:
     img = Image.new("L", size, 128)
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+        schema, arr = img.__arrow_c_array__()
 
 
 def test_multiblock_rgba_image() -> None:
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def test_multiblock_rgba_image() -> None:
     img = Image.new("RGBA", size, (128, 127, 126, 125))
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-        (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+        schema, arr = img.__arrow_c_array__()
 
 
 def test_multiblock_l_schema() -> None:
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ def test_singleblock_l_image() -> None:
     img = Image.new("L", size, 128)
     assert img.im.isblock()
 
-    (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+    schema, arr = img.__arrow_c_array__()
     assert schema
     assert arr
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ def test_singleblock_rgba_image() -> None:
     img = Image.new("RGBA", size, (128, 127, 126, 125))
     assert img.im.isblock()
 
-    (schema, arr) = img.__arrow_c_array__()
+    schema, arr = img.__arrow_c_array__()
     assert schema
     assert arr
     Image.core.set_use_block_allocator(0)

Tests/test_bmp_reference.py

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def test_questionable() -> None:
                 im.load()
             if os.path.basename(f) not in supported:
                 print(f"Please add {f} to the partially supported bmp specs.")
-        except Exception:  # as msg:
+        except Exception:  # noqa: PERF203
             if os.path.basename(f) in supported:
                 raise
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ def test_good() -> None:
 
                     assert_image_similar(im_converted, compare_converted, 5)
 
-        except Exception as msg:
+        except Exception as msg:  # noqa: PERF203
             # there are three here that are unsupported:
             unsupported = (
                 os.path.join(base, "g", "rgb32bf.bmp"),

Tests/test_file_avif.py

@@ -145,14 +145,14 @@ class TestFileAvif:
 
             # avifdec hopper.avif avif/hopper_avif_write.png
             assert_image_similar_tofile(
-                reloaded, "Tests/images/avif/hopper_avif_write.png", 6.02
+                reloaded, "Tests/images/avif/hopper_avif_write.png", 6.93
             )
 
             # This test asserts that the images are similar. If the average pixel
             # difference between the two images is less than the epsilon value,
             # then we're going to accept that it's a reasonable lossy version of
             # the image.
-            assert_image_similar(reloaded, im, 8.62)
+            assert_image_similar(reloaded, im, 9.39)
 
     def test_AvifEncoder_with_invalid_args(self) -> None:
         """
@@ -461,12 +461,9 @@ class TestFileAvif:
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
         "advanced",
         [
-            {
-                "aq-mode": "1",
-                "enable-chroma-deltaq": "1",
-            },
-            (("aq-mode", "1"), ("enable-chroma-deltaq", "1")),
-            [("aq-mode", "1"), ("enable-chroma-deltaq", "1")],
+            {"tune": "psnr"},
+            (("tune", "psnr"),),
+            [("tune", "psnr")],
         ],
     )
     def test_encoder_advanced_codec_options(

Tests/test_file_bmp.py

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ def test_fallback_if_mmap_errors() -> None:
     # This image has been truncated,
     # so that the buffer is not large enough when using mmap
     with Image.open("Tests/images/mmap_error.bmp") as im:
-        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/pal8_offset.bmp")
+        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/bmp/g/pal8.bmp")
 
 
 def test_save_to_bytes() -> None:
@@ -221,6 +221,11 @@ def test_rle8_eof(file_name: str, length: int) -> None:
             im.load()
 
 
+def test_rle_delta() -> None:
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/bmp/q/pal8rletrns.bmp") as im:
+        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/pal8rletrns.png")
+
+
 def test_unsupported_bmp_bitfields_layout() -> None:
     fp = io.BytesIO(
         o32(40)  # header size
@@ -233,11 +238,21 @@ def test_unsupported_bmp_bitfields_layout() -> None:
         Image.open(fp)
 
 
-def test_offset() -> None:
-    # This image has been hexedited
-    # to exclude the palette size from the pixel data offset
-    with Image.open("Tests/images/pal8_offset.bmp") as im:
-        assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/bmp/g/pal8.bmp")
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "offset, path",
+    (
+        (26, "pal8os2.bmp"),
+        (54, "pal8.bmp"),
+    ),
+)
+def test_offset(offset: int, path: str) -> None:
+    image_path = "Tests/images/bmp/g/" + path
+    # Exclude the palette size from the pixel data offset
+    with open(image_path, "rb") as fp:
+        data = fp.read()
+        data = data[:10] + o32(offset) + data[14:]
+        with Image.open(io.BytesIO(data)) as im:
+            assert_image_equal_tofile(im, image_path)
 
 
 def test_use_raw_alpha(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:

Tests/test_file_container.py

@@ -179,9 +179,7 @@ def test_iter(bytesmode: bool) -> None:
         container = ContainerIO.ContainerIO(fh, 0, 120)
 
         # Act
-        data = []
-        for line in container:
-            data.append(line)
+        data = list(container)
 
         # Assert
         if bytesmode:

Tests/test_file_eps.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import io
+import subprocess
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
@@ -281,6 +282,11 @@ def test_bytesio_object() -> None:
     ),
 )
 def test_1(filename: str) -> None:
+    gs_binary = EpsImagePlugin.gs_binary
+    assert isinstance(gs_binary, str)
+    if subprocess.check_output([gs_binary, "--version"]) == b"10.06.0\n":
+        pytest.skip("Fails with Ghostscript 10.06.0")
+
     with Image.open(filename) as im:
         assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/eps/1.bmp")
 

Tests/test_file_gif.py

@@ -310,6 +310,14 @@ def test_roundtrip_save_all_1(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         assert reloaded.getpixel((0, 0)) == 255
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("size", ((0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)))
+def test_save_zero(size: tuple[int, int]) -> None:
+    b = BytesIO()
+    im = Image.new("RGB", size)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot write empty image"):
+        im.save(b, "GIF")
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "path, mode",
     (
@@ -399,7 +407,7 @@ def test_save_netpbm_bmp_mode(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     b = BytesIO()
     GifImagePlugin._save_netpbm(img_rgb, b, tempfile)
     with Image.open(tempfile) as reloaded:
-        assert_image_similar(img_rgb, reloaded.convert("RGB"), 0)
+        assert_image_equal(img_rgb, reloaded.convert("RGB"))
 
 
 @pytest.mark.skipif(not netpbm_available(), reason="Netpbm not available")
@@ -411,7 +419,7 @@ def test_save_netpbm_l_mode(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         b = BytesIO()
         GifImagePlugin._save_netpbm(img_l, b, tempfile)
         with Image.open(tempfile) as reloaded:
-            assert_image_similar(img_l, reloaded.convert("L"), 0)
+            assert_image_equal(img_l, reloaded.convert("L"))
 
 
 def test_seek() -> None:
@@ -1433,7 +1441,7 @@ def test_getdata(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     # with open('Tests/images/gif_header_data.pkl', 'wb') as f:
     #    pickle.dump((h, d), f, 1)
     with open("Tests/images/gif_header_data.pkl", "rb") as f:
-        (h_target, d_target) = pickle.load(f)
+        h_target, d_target = pickle.load(f)
 
     assert h == h_target
     assert d == d_target

Tests/test_file_jpeg.py

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
     def test_zero(self, size: tuple[int, int], tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         f = tmp_path / "temp.jpg"
         im = Image.new("RGB", size)
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot write empty image"):
             im.save(f)
 
     def test_app(self) -> None:
@@ -590,9 +590,7 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
             assert im2.quantization == {0: bounds_qtable}
 
             # values from wizard.txt in jpeg9-a src package.
-            standard_l_qtable = [
-                int(s)
-                for s in """
+            standard_l_qtable = [int(s) for s in """
                 16  11  10  16  24  40  51  61
                 12  12  14  19  26  58  60  55
                 14  13  16  24  40  57  69  56
@@ -601,14 +599,9 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
                 24  35  55  64  81 104 113  92
                 49  64  78  87 103 121 120 101
                 72  92  95  98 112 100 103  99
-                """.split(
-                    None
-                )
-            ]
+                """.split(None)]
 
-            standard_chrominance_qtable = [
-                int(s)
-                for s in """
+            standard_chrominance_qtable = [int(s) for s in """
                 17  18  24  47  99  99  99  99
                 18  21  26  66  99  99  99  99
                 24  26  56  99  99  99  99  99
@@ -617,10 +610,7 @@ class TestFileJpeg:
                 99  99  99  99  99  99  99  99
                 99  99  99  99  99  99  99  99
                 99  99  99  99  99  99  99  99
-                """.split(
-                    None
-                )
-            ]
+                """.split(None)]
 
             for quality in range(101):
                 qtable_from_qtable_quality = self.roundtrip(

Tests/test_file_jpeg2k.py

@@ -148,6 +148,22 @@ def test_prog_res_rt(card: ImageFile.ImageFile) -> None:
     assert_image_equal(im, card)
 
 
+def test_unknown_progression(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    outfile = tmp_path / "temp.jp2"
+
+    im = Image.new("1", (1, 1))
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="unknown progression"):
+        im.save(outfile, progression="invalid")
+
+
+def test_unknown_cinema_mode(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    outfile = tmp_path / "temp.jp2"
+
+    im = Image.new("1", (1, 1))
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="unknown cinema mode"):
+        im.save(outfile, cinema_mode="invalid")
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("num_resolutions", range(2, 6))
 def test_default_num_resolutions(
     card: ImageFile.ImageFile, num_resolutions: int
@@ -162,9 +178,9 @@ def test_default_num_resolutions(
 
 def test_reduce() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/test-card-lossless.jp2") as im:
-        assert callable(im.reduce)
+        assert isinstance(im, Jpeg2KImagePlugin.Jpeg2KImageFile)
 
-        im.reduce = 2  # type: ignore[assignment, method-assign]
+        im.reduce = 2
         assert im.reduce == 2
 
         im.load()
@@ -440,11 +456,19 @@ def test_pclr() -> None:
         assert len(im.palette.colors) == 256
         assert im.palette.colors[(255, 255, 255)] == 0
 
+    for enumcs in (0, 15, 17):
+        with open(f"{EXTRA_DIR}/issue104_jpxstream.jp2", "rb") as fp:
+            data = bytearray(fp.read())
+        data[114:115] = bytes([enumcs])
+        with Image.open(BytesIO(data)) as im:
+            assert im.mode == "L"
+
     with Image.open(
         f"{EXTRA_DIR}/147af3f1083de4393666b7d99b01b58b_signal_sigsegv_130c531_6155_5136.jp2"
     ) as im:
         assert im.mode == "P"
         assert im.palette is not None
+        assert im.palette.mode == "CMYK"
         assert len(im.palette.colors) == 139
         assert im.palette.colors[(0, 0, 0, 0)] == 0
 

Tests/test_file_libtiff.py

@@ -224,10 +224,7 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
         with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper_g4.tif") as im:
             assert isinstance(im, TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile)
             for tag in im.tag_v2:
-                try:
-                    del core_items[tag]
-                except KeyError:
-                    pass
+                core_items.pop(tag, None)
             del core_items[320]  # colormap is special, tested below
 
             # Type codes:
@@ -738,7 +735,7 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
             buffer_io.seek(0)
 
             with Image.open(buffer_io) as saved_im:
-                assert_image_similar(pilim, saved_im, 0)
+                assert_image_equal(pilim, saved_im)
 
         save_bytesio()
         save_bytesio("raw")
@@ -1058,6 +1055,15 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
         with Image.open("Tests/images/tiff_strip_planar_16bit_RGBa.tiff") as im:
             assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/tiff_16bit_RGBa_target.png")
 
+    def test_separate_planar_extra_samples(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        out = tmp_path / "temp.tif"
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/separate_planar_extra_samples.tiff") as im:
+            assert im.mode == "L"
+
+            im.save(out)
+        with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+            assert reloaded.mode == "L"
+
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("compression", (None, "jpeg"))
     def test_block_tile_tags(self, compression: str | None, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im = hopper()
@@ -1244,7 +1250,7 @@ class TestFileLibTiff(LibTiffTestCase):
     def test_save_zero(self, compression: str | None, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im = Image.new("RGB", (0, 0))
         out = tmp_path / "temp.tif"
-        with pytest.raises(SystemError):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot write empty image"):
             im.save(out, compression=compression)
 
     def test_save_many_compressed(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

Tests/test_file_mpo.py

@@ -6,7 +6,14 @@ from typing import Any
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import Image, ImageFile, JpegImagePlugin, MpoImagePlugin
+from PIL import (
+    Image,
+    ImageFile,
+    JpegImagePlugin,
+    MpoImagePlugin,
+    TiffImagePlugin,
+    _binary,
+)
 
 from .helper import (
     assert_image_equal,
@@ -145,6 +152,32 @@ def test_parallax() -> None:
         assert exif.get_ifd(0x927C)[0xB211] == -3.125
 
 
+def test_truncated_makernote() -> None:
+    def check(ifd: TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2) -> None:
+        fp = BytesIO()
+        ifd.save(fp)
+
+        e = Image.Exif()
+        e.load(fp.getvalue())
+        assert e.get_ifd(37500) == {}
+
+    # Nintendo
+    ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
+    ifd[271] = "Nintendo"
+    ifd[34665] = {37500: b" "}
+    check(ifd)
+
+    # Fujifilm
+    for data in (
+        b"FUJIFILM",
+        b"FUJIFILM" + _binary.o32le(50),
+        b"FUJIFILM" + _binary.o32le(0),
+    ):
+        ifd = TiffImagePlugin.ImageFileDirectory_v2()
+        ifd[34665] = {37500: data}
+        check(ifd)
+
+
 def test_reload_exif_after_seek() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/sugarshack.mpo") as im:
         exif = im.getexif()

Tests/test_file_pcx.py

@@ -37,6 +37,14 @@ def test_sanity(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im.save(f)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("size", ((0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)))
+def test_save_zero(size: tuple[int, int]) -> None:
+    b = io.BytesIO()
+    im = Image.new("1", size)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        im.save(b, "PCX")
+
+
 def test_p_4_planes() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/p_4_planes.pcx") as im:
         assert im.getpixel((0, 0)) == 3
@@ -119,36 +127,36 @@ def test_large_count(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     _roundtrip(tmp_path, im)
 
 
-def _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path: Path, im: Image.Image, size: int = 1024) -> None:
-    _last = ImageFile.MAXBLOCK
-    ImageFile.MAXBLOCK = size
-    try:
-        _roundtrip(tmp_path, im)
-    finally:
-        ImageFile.MAXBLOCK = _last
+def _test_buffer_overflow(
+    tmp_path: Path, im: Image.Image, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+) -> None:
+    monkeypatch.setattr(ImageFile, "MAXBLOCK", 1024)
+    _roundtrip(tmp_path, im)
 
 
-def test_break_in_count_overflow(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+def test_break_in_count_overflow(
+    tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (256, 5))
     px = im.load()
     assert px is not None
     for y in range(4):
         for x in range(256):
             px[x, y] = x % 128
-    _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path, im)
+    _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path, im, monkeypatch)
 
 
-def test_break_one_in_loop(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+def test_break_one_in_loop(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (256, 5))
     px = im.load()
     assert px is not None
     for y in range(5):
         for x in range(256):
             px[x, y] = x % 128
-    _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path, im)
+    _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path, im, monkeypatch)
 
 
-def test_break_many_in_loop(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+def test_break_many_in_loop(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (256, 5))
     px = im.load()
     assert px is not None
@@ -157,10 +165,10 @@ def test_break_many_in_loop(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             px[x, y] = x % 128
     for x in range(8):
         px[x, 4] = 16
-    _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path, im)
+    _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path, im, monkeypatch)
 
 
-def test_break_one_at_end(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+def test_break_one_at_end(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (256, 5))
     px = im.load()
     assert px is not None
@@ -168,10 +176,10 @@ def test_break_one_at_end(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         for x in range(256):
             px[x, y] = x % 128
     px[0, 3] = 128 + 64
-    _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path, im)
+    _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path, im, monkeypatch)
 
 
-def test_break_many_at_end(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+def test_break_many_at_end(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (256, 5))
     px = im.load()
     assert px is not None
@@ -181,10 +189,10 @@ def test_break_many_at_end(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     for x in range(4):
         px[x * 2, 3] = 128 + 64
         px[x + 256 - 4, 3] = 0
-    _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path, im)
+    _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path, im, monkeypatch)
 
 
-def test_break_padding(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+def test_break_padding(tmp_path: Path, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (257, 5))
     px = im.load()
     assert px is not None
@@ -193,4 +201,4 @@ def test_break_padding(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
             px[x, y] = x % 128
     for x in range(5):
         px[x, 3] = 0
-    _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path, im)
+    _test_buffer_overflow(tmp_path, im, monkeypatch)

Tests/test_file_png.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import re
 import sys
 import warnings
 import zlib
-from io import BytesIO
+from io import BytesIO, TextIOWrapper
 from pathlib import Path
 from types import ModuleType
 from typing import Any, cast
@@ -502,8 +502,9 @@ class TestFilePng:
             im = roundtrip(im)
         assert im.info["transparency"] == (248, 248, 248)
 
-        im = roundtrip(im, transparency=(0, 1, 2))
-        assert im.info["transparency"] == (0, 1, 2)
+        for transparency in ((0, 1, 2), [0, 1, 2]):
+            im = roundtrip(im, transparency=transparency)
+            assert im.info["transparency"] == (0, 1, 2)
 
     def test_trns_p(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         # Check writing a transparency of 0, issue #528
@@ -518,6 +519,36 @@ class TestFilePng:
 
             assert_image_equal(im2.convert("RGBA"), im.convert("RGBA"))
 
+    def test_trns_invalid(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        out = tmp_path / "temp.png"
+
+        for mode in ("1", "L", "I;16"):
+            im = Image.new(mode, (1, 1))
+            with pytest.raises(
+                ValueError, match=f"transparency for {mode} must be an integer"
+            ):
+                im.save(out, transparency="invalid")
+
+        im = Image.new("I", (1, 1))
+        with pytest.warns(DeprecationWarning, match="Saving I mode images as PNG"):
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.save(out, transparency="invalid")
+
+        im = Image.new("P", (1, 1))
+        with pytest.raises(
+            ValueError, match="transparency for P must be an integer or bytes"
+        ):
+            im.save(out, transparency="invalid")
+
+        im = Image.new("RGB", (1, 1))
+        with pytest.raises(
+            ValueError, match="transparency for RGB must be list or tuple"
+        ):
+            im.save(out, transparency="invalid")
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="transparency for RGB must have length 3"):
+            im.save(out, transparency=(1, 2))
+
     def test_trns_null(self) -> None:
         # Check reading images with null tRNS value, issue #1239
         test_file = "Tests/images/tRNS_null_1x1.png"
@@ -654,21 +685,17 @@ class TestFilePng:
         with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="Unknown compression method"):
             PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile("Tests/images/unknown_compression_method.png")
 
-    def test_padded_idat(self) -> None:
+    def test_padded_idat(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         # This image has been manually hexedited
         # so that the IDAT chunk has padding at the end
         # Set MAXBLOCK to the length of the actual data
         # so that the decoder finishes reading before the chunk ends
-        MAXBLOCK = ImageFile.MAXBLOCK
-        ImageFile.MAXBLOCK = 45
-        ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES = True
+        monkeypatch.setattr(ImageFile, "MAXBLOCK", 45)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(ImageFile, "LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES", True)
 
         with Image.open("Tests/images/padded_idat.png") as im:
             im.load()
 
-            ImageFile.MAXBLOCK = MAXBLOCK
-            ImageFile.LOAD_TRUNCATED_IMAGES = False
-
             assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/bw_gradient.png")
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -711,6 +738,16 @@ class TestFilePng:
             assert reloaded.png.im_palette is not None
             assert len(reloaded.png.im_palette[1]) == 3
 
+    def test_plte_cmyk(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+        im = Image.new("P", (1, 1))
+        im.putpalette((0, 100, 150, 200), "CMYK")
+
+        out = tmp_path / "temp.png"
+        im.save(out)
+
+        with Image.open(out) as reloaded:
+            assert reloaded.convert("CMYK").getpixel((0, 0)) == (200, 222, 232, 0)
+
     def test_getxmp(self) -> None:
         with Image.open("Tests/images/color_snakes.png") as im:
             if ElementTree is None:
@@ -815,19 +852,15 @@ class TestFilePng:
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("buffer", (True, False))
     def test_save_stdout(self, buffer: bool, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
 
-        class MyStdOut:
-            buffer = BytesIO()
-
-        mystdout: MyStdOut | BytesIO = MyStdOut() if buffer else BytesIO()
+        fp = BytesIO()
+        mystdout = TextIOWrapper(fp) if buffer else fp
 
         monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "stdout", mystdout)
 
         with Image.open(TEST_PNG_FILE) as im:
             im.save(sys.stdout, "PNG")  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
-        if isinstance(mystdout, MyStdOut):
-            mystdout = mystdout.buffer
-        with Image.open(mystdout) as reloaded:
+        with Image.open(fp) as reloaded:
             assert_image_equal_tofile(reloaded, TEST_PNG_FILE)
 
     def test_truncated_end_chunk(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:

Tests/test_file_ppm.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import sys
-from io import BytesIO
+from io import BytesIO, TextIOWrapper
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
@@ -381,17 +381,13 @@ def test_mimetypes(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("buffer", (True, False))
 def test_save_stdout(buffer: bool, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
 
-    class MyStdOut:
-        buffer = BytesIO()
-
-    mystdout: MyStdOut | BytesIO = MyStdOut() if buffer else BytesIO()
+    fp = BytesIO()
+    mystdout = TextIOWrapper(fp) if buffer else fp
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "stdout", mystdout)
 
     with Image.open(TEST_FILE) as im:
         im.save(sys.stdout, "PPM")  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
-    if isinstance(mystdout, MyStdOut):
-        mystdout = mystdout.buffer
-    with Image.open(mystdout) as reloaded:
+    with Image.open(fp) as reloaded:
         assert_image_equal_tofile(reloaded, TEST_FILE)

Tests/test_file_psd.py

@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import sys
 import warnings
 
 import pytest
 
 from PIL import Image, PsdImagePlugin
 
-from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile, assert_image_similar, hopper, is_pypy
+from .helper import (
+    assert_image_equal_tofile,
+    assert_image_similar,
+    hopper,
+    is_pypy,
+)
 
 test_file = "Tests/images/hopper.psd"
 
@@ -85,6 +91,11 @@ def test_eoferror() -> None:
         # Test that seeking to the last frame does not raise an error
         im.seek(n_frames - 1)
 
+    # Test seeking past the last frame without calling n_frames first
+    with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+        with pytest.raises(EOFError):
+            im.seek(3)
+
 
 def test_seek_tell() -> None:
     with Image.open(test_file) as im:
@@ -100,7 +111,7 @@ def test_seek_tell() -> None:
 
         im.seek(2)
         layer_number = im.tell()
-        assert layer_number == 2
+    assert layer_number == 2
 
 
 def test_seek_eoferror() -> None:
@@ -138,7 +149,7 @@ def test_icc_profile() -> None:
         assert "icc_profile" in im.info
 
         icc_profile = im.info["icc_profile"]
-        assert len(icc_profile) == 3144
+    assert len(icc_profile) == 3144
 
 
 def test_no_icc_profile() -> None:
@@ -158,17 +169,16 @@ def test_combined_larger_than_size() -> None:
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "test_file,raises",
+    "test_file",
     [
-        ("Tests/images/timeout-c8efc3fded6426986ba867a399791bae544f59bc.psd", OSError),
-        ("Tests/images/timeout-dedc7a4ebd856d79b4359bbcc79e8ef231ce38f6.psd", OSError),
+        "Tests/images/timeout-c8efc3fded6426986ba867a399791bae544f59bc.psd",
+        "Tests/images/timeout-dedc7a4ebd856d79b4359bbcc79e8ef231ce38f6.psd",
     ],
 )
-def test_crashes(test_file: str, raises: type[Exception]) -> None:
-    with open(test_file, "rb") as f:
-        with pytest.raises(raises):
-            with Image.open(f):
-                pass
+def test_crashes(test_file: str) -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(OSError):
+        with Image.open(test_file):
+            pass
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -179,11 +189,10 @@ def test_crashes(test_file: str, raises: type[Exception]) -> None:
     ],
 )
 def test_layer_crashes(test_file: str) -> None:
-    with open(test_file, "rb") as f:
-        with Image.open(f) as im:
-            assert isinstance(im, PsdImagePlugin.PsdImageFile)
-            with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
-                im.layers
+    with Image.open(test_file) as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PsdImagePlugin.PsdImageFile)
+        with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+            im.layers
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -201,3 +210,17 @@ def test_bounds_crash(test_file: str) -> None:
 
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             im.load()
+
+
+def test_bounds_crash_overflow() -> None:
+    with Image.open("Tests/images/psd-oob-write-overflow.psd") as im:
+        assert isinstance(im, PsdImagePlugin.PsdImageFile)
+        im.load()
+        if sys.maxsize <= 2**32:
+            with pytest.raises(OverflowError):
+                im.seek(im.n_frames)
+        else:
+            im.seek(im.n_frames)
+
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+                im.load()

Tests/test_file_spider.py

@@ -63,6 +63,16 @@ def test_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         assert im2.size == (128, 128)
         assert im2.format == "SPIDER"
 
+    del Image.EXTENSION[".spider"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("size", ((0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 0)))
+def test_save_zero(size: tuple[int, int]) -> None:
+    b = BytesIO()
+    im = Image.new("1", size)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot write empty image"):
+        im.save(b, "SPIDER")
+
 
 def test_tempfile() -> None:
     # Arrange

Tests/test_file_tga.py

@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import os
+from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import Image, UnidentifiedImageError
+from PIL import Image, UnidentifiedImageError, _binary
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal, assert_image_equal_tofile, hopper
 
@@ -13,8 +14,6 @@ _TGA_DIR = os.path.join("Tests", "images", "tga")
 _TGA_DIR_COMMON = os.path.join(_TGA_DIR, "common")
 
 
-_ORIGINS = ("tl", "bl")
-
 _ORIGIN_TO_ORIENTATION = {"tl": 1, "bl": -1}
 
 
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ _ORIGIN_TO_ORIENTATION = {"tl": 1, "bl": -1}
         ("200x32", "RGBA"),
     ),
 )
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("origin", _ORIGINS)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("origin", _ORIGIN_TO_ORIENTATION)
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("rle", (True, False))
 def test_sanity(
     size_mode: tuple[str, str], origin: str, rle: str, tmp_path: Path
@@ -94,6 +93,25 @@ def test_rgba_16() -> None:
         assert im.getpixel((1, 0)) == (0, 255, 82, 0)
 
 
+def test_v2_no_alpha() -> None:
+    test_file = "Tests/images/tga/common/200x32_rgba_tl_rle.tga"
+    with open(test_file, "rb") as fp:
+        data = fp.read()
+        data += (
+            b"\x00" * 495
+            + _binary.o32le(len(data))
+            + _binary.o32le(0)
+            + b"TRUEVISION-XFILE.\x00"
+        )
+    with Image.open(BytesIO(data)) as im:
+        with Image.open(test_file) as im2:
+            r, g, b = im2.split()[:3]
+        a = Image.new("L", im2.size, 255)
+        expected = Image.merge("RGBA", (r, g, b, a))
+
+        assert_image_equal(im, expected)
+
+
 def test_id_field() -> None:
     # tga file with id field
     test_file = "Tests/images/tga_id_field.tga"

Tests/test_file_tiff.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from PIL import (
     TiffImagePlugin,
     TiffTags,
     UnidentifiedImageError,
+    _binary,
 )
 from PIL.TiffImagePlugin import RESOLUTION_UNIT, X_RESOLUTION, Y_RESOLUTION
 
@@ -941,6 +942,15 @@ class TestFileTiff:
                 4001,
             ]
 
+    def test_truncated_photoshop_blocks(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.tif") as im:
+            assert isinstance(im, TiffImagePlugin.TiffImageFile)
+            im.tag_v2[34377] = b"8BIM"
+            assert im.get_photoshop_blocks() == {}
+
+            im.tag_v2[34377] = b"8BIM" + _binary.o16be(0) + _binary.o8(2) + b" " * 5
+            assert im.get_photoshop_blocks() == {}
+
     def test_tiff_chunks(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         tmpfile = tmp_path / "temp.tif"
 

Tests/test_file_webp.py

@@ -49,6 +49,12 @@ class TestFileWebp:
         assert version is not None
         assert re.search(r"\d+\.\d+\.\d+$", version)
 
+    def test_invalid_file(self) -> None:
+        invalid_file = "Tests/images/flower.jpg"
+
+        with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
+            WebPImagePlugin.WebPImageFile(invalid_file)
+
     def test_read_rgb(self) -> None:
         """
         Can we read a RGB mode WebP file without error?

Tests/test_file_wmf.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ def test_load_raw() -> None:
             # Currently, support for WMF/EMF is Windows-only
             im.load()
             # Compare to reference rendering
-            assert_image_similar_tofile(im, "Tests/images/drawing_emf_ref.png", 0)
+            assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/drawing_emf_ref.png")
 
     # Test basic WMF open and rendering
     with Image.open("Tests/images/drawing.wmf") as im:

Tests/test_font_crash.py

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import pytest
-
 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
 
 from .helper import skip_unless_feature
@@ -20,6 +18,5 @@ class TestFontCrash:
 
     @skip_unless_feature("freetype2")
     def test_segfault(self) -> None:
-        with pytest.raises(OSError):
-            font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/fuzz_font-5203009437302784")
-            self._fuzz_font(font)
+        font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/fuzz_font-5203009437302784")
+        self._fuzz_font(font)

Tests/test_font_leaks.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import pytest
+
 from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, _util
 
 from .helper import PillowLeakTestCase, features, skip_unless_feature
@@ -7,11 +9,7 @@ from .helper import PillowLeakTestCase, features, skip_unless_feature
 original_core = ImageFont.core
 
 
-class TestTTypeFontLeak(PillowLeakTestCase):
-    # fails at iteration 3 in main
-    iterations = 10
-    mem_limit = 4096  # k
-
+class TestFontLeak(PillowLeakTestCase):
     def _test_font(self, font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont | ImageFont.ImageFont) -> None:
         im = Image.new("RGB", (255, 255), "white")
         draw = ImageDraw.ImageDraw(im)
@@ -21,23 +19,29 @@ class TestTTypeFontLeak(PillowLeakTestCase):
             )
         )
 
+
+class TestTTypeFontLeak(TestFontLeak):
+    # fails at iteration 3 in main
+    iterations = 10
+    mem_limit = 4096  # k
+
     @skip_unless_feature("freetype2")
     def test_leak(self) -> None:
         ttype = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf", 20)
         self._test_font(ttype)
 
 
-class TestDefaultFontLeak(TestTTypeFontLeak):
+class TestDefaultFontLeak(TestFontLeak):
     # fails at iteration 37 in main
     iterations = 100
     mem_limit = 1024  # k
 
-    def test_leak(self) -> None:
+    def test_leak(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         if features.check_module("freetype2"):
-            ImageFont.core = _util.DeferredError(ImportError("Disabled for testing"))
-        try:
-            default_font = ImageFont.load_default()
-        finally:
-            ImageFont.core = original_core
-
+            monkeypatch.setattr(
+                ImageFont,
+                "core",
+                _util.DeferredError(ImportError("Disabled for testing")),
+            )
+        default_font = ImageFont.load_default()
         self._test_font(default_font)

Tests/test_font_pcf.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from PIL import FontFile, Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, PcfFontFile
 
 from .helper import (
     assert_image_equal_tofile,
-    assert_image_similar_tofile,
     skip_unless_feature,
 )
 
@@ -73,14 +72,24 @@ def test_draw(request: pytest.FixtureRequest, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     im = Image.new("L", (130, 30), "white")
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
     draw.text((0, 0), message, "black", font=font)
-    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, "Tests/images/test_draw_pbm_target.png", 0)
+    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/test_draw_pbm_target.png")
+
+
+def test_to_imagefont() -> None:
+    with open(fontname, "rb") as test_file:
+        pcffont = PcfFontFile.PcfFontFile(test_file)
+    imagefont = pcffont.to_imagefont()
+    im = Image.new("L", (130, 30), "white")
+    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+    draw.text((0, 0), message, "black", font=imagefont)
+    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/test_draw_pbm_target.png")
 
 
 def test_textsize(request: pytest.FixtureRequest, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     tempname = save_font(request, tmp_path)
     font = ImageFont.load(tempname)
     for i in range(255):
-        (ox, oy, dx, dy) = font.getbbox(chr(i))
+        ox, oy, dx, dy = font.getbbox(chr(i))
         assert ox == 0
         assert oy == 0
         assert dy == 20
@@ -100,7 +109,7 @@ def _test_high_characters(
     im = Image.new("L", (750, 30), "white")
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
     draw.text((0, 0), message, "black", font=font)
-    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, "Tests/images/high_ascii_chars.png", 0)
+    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/high_ascii_chars.png")
 
 
 def test_high_characters(request: pytest.FixtureRequest, tmp_path: Path) -> None:

Tests/test_font_pcf_charsets.py

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ from PIL import FontFile, Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont, PcfFontFile
 
 from .helper import (
     assert_image_equal_tofile,
-    assert_image_similar_tofile,
     skip_unless_feature,
 )
 
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ def test_draw(request: pytest.FixtureRequest, tmp_path: Path, encoding: str) ->
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
     message = charsets[encoding]["message"].encode(encoding)
     draw.text((0, 0), message, "black", font=font)
-    assert_image_similar_tofile(im, charsets[encoding]["image1"], 0)
+    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, charsets[encoding]["image1"])
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("encoding", ("iso8859-1", "iso8859-2", "cp1250"))
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ def test_textsize(
     tempname = save_font(request, tmp_path, encoding)
     font = ImageFont.load(tempname)
     for i in range(255):
-        (ox, oy, dx, dy) = font.getbbox(bytearray([i]))
+        ox, oy, dx, dy = font.getbbox(bytearray([i]))
         assert ox == 0
         assert oy == 0
         assert dy == 20

Tests/test_fontfile.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
@@ -7,6 +8,15 @@ import pytest
 from PIL import FontFile, Image
 
 
+def test_puti16() -> None:
+    fp = BytesIO()
+    FontFile.puti16(fp, (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9))
+    assert fp.getvalue() == (
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x03\x00\x04"
+        b"\x00\x05\x00\x06\x00\x07\x00\x08\x00\t"
+    )
+
+
 def test_compile() -> None:
     font = FontFile.FontFile()
     font.glyph[0] = ((0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1), Image.new("L", (0, 0)))
@@ -24,5 +34,11 @@ def test_save(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     tempname = str(tmp_path / "temp.pil")
 
     font = FontFile.FontFile()
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="No bitmap created"):
         font.save(tempname)
+
+
+def test_to_imagefont() -> None:
+    font = FontFile.FontFile()
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="No bitmap created"):
+        font.to_imagefont()

Tests/test_format_hsv.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def linear_gradient() -> Image.Image:
     im = Image.linear_gradient(mode="L")
     im90 = im.rotate(90)
 
-    (px, h) = im.size
+    px, h = im.size
 
     r = Image.new("L", (px * 3, h))
     g = r.copy()
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def to_xxx_colorsys(
 ) -> Image.Image:
     # convert the hard way using the library colorsys routines.
 
-    (r, g, b) = im.split()
+    r, g, b = im.split()
 
     conv_func = int_to_float
 

Tests/test_image.py

@@ -456,9 +456,11 @@ class TestImage:
         # Assert
         assert len(Image.ID) == id_length
 
-    def test_registered_extensions_uninitialized(self) -> None:
+    def test_registered_extensions_uninitialized(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+    ) -> None:
         # Arrange
-        Image._initialized = 0
+        monkeypatch.setattr(Image, "_initialized", 0)
 
         # Act
         Image.registered_extensions()
@@ -466,6 +468,9 @@ class TestImage:
         # Assert
         assert Image._initialized == 2
 
+        for extension in Image.EXTENSION:
+            assert extension in Image._EXTENSION_PLUGIN
+
     def test_registered_extensions(self) -> None:
         # Arrange
         # Open an image to trigger plugin registration
@@ -857,7 +862,7 @@ class TestImage:
     def test_exif_webp(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.webp") as im:
             exif = im.getexif()
-            assert exif == {}
+            assert dict(exif) == {}
 
             out = tmp_path / "temp.webp"
             exif[258] = 8
@@ -879,7 +884,7 @@ class TestImage:
     def test_exif_png(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         with Image.open("Tests/images/exif.png") as im:
             exif = im.getexif()
-            assert exif == {274: 1}
+            assert dict(exif) == {274: 1}
 
             out = tmp_path / "temp.png"
             exif[258] = 8

Tests/test_image_access.py

@@ -278,8 +278,7 @@ class TestEmbeddable:
 
         with open("embed_pil.c", "w", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
             home = sys.prefix.replace("\\", "\\\\")
-            fh.write(
-                f"""
+            fh.write(f"""
 #include "Python.h"
 
 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
@@ -300,8 +299,7 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 
     return 0;
 }}
-        """
-            )
+        """)
 
         objects = compiler.compile(["embed_pil.c"])
         compiler.link_executable(objects, "embed_pil")

Tests/test_image_putpalette.py

@@ -91,6 +91,21 @@ def test_rgba_palette(mode: str, palette: tuple[int, ...]) -> None:
     assert im.palette.colors == {(1, 2, 3, 4): 0}
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "mode, palette",
+    (
+        ("CMYK", (1, 2, 3, 4)),
+        ("CMYKX", (1, 2, 3, 4, 0)),
+    ),
+)
+def test_cmyk_palette(mode: str, palette: tuple[int, ...]) -> None:
+    im = Image.new("P", (1, 1))
+    im.putpalette(palette, mode)
+    assert im.getpalette() == [250, 249, 248]
+    assert im.palette is not None
+    assert im.palette.colors == {(1, 2, 3, 4): 0}
+
+
 def test_empty_palette() -> None:
     im = Image.new("P", (1, 1))
     assert im.getpalette() == []

Tests/test_image_resample.py

@@ -627,3 +627,37 @@ class TestCoreResampleBox:
                 0.4,
                 f">>> {size} {box} {flt}",
             )
+
+
+class TestCoreResample16bpc:
+    # Lanczos weighting during downsampling can push accumulated float sums
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "offset",
+        (
+            # below 0. These must be clamped to 0, not corrupted byte-by-byte.
+            0,  # Left half = 65535, right half = 0
+            # above 65535. These must be clamped to 65535, not corrupted byte-by-byte.
+            50,  # # Left half = 0, right half = 65535
+        ),
+    )
+    def test_resampling_clamp_overflow(self, offset: int) -> None:
+        ims = {}
+        width, height = 100, 10
+        for mode in ("I;16", "F"):
+            im = Image.new(mode, (width, height))
+            im.paste(65535, (offset, 0, offset + width // 2, height))
+
+            # 5x downsampling with Lanczos
+            # creates ~8.7% overshoot or undershoot at the step edge
+            ims[mode] = im.resize((20, height), Image.Resampling.LANCZOS)
+
+        for y in range(height):
+            for x in range(20):
+                v = ims["F"].getpixel((x, y))
+                assert isinstance(v, float)
+                expected = max(0, min(65535, round(v)))
+
+                value = ims["I;16"].getpixel((x, y))
+                assert (
+                    value == expected
+                ), f"Pixel ({x}, {y}): expected {expected}, got {value}"

Tests/test_image_transform.py

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class TestImageTransform:
 
     def test_extent(self) -> None:
         im = hopper("RGB")
-        (w, h) = im.size
+        w, h = im.size
         transformed = im.transform(
             im.size,
             Image.Transform.EXTENT,
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class TestImageTransform:
     def test_quad(self) -> None:
         # one simple quad transform, equivalent to scale & crop upper left quad
         im = hopper("RGB")
-        (w, h) = im.size
+        w, h = im.size
         transformed = im.transform(
             im.size,
             Image.Transform.QUAD,
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class TestImageTransform:
     )
     def test_fill(self, mode: str, expected_pixel: tuple[int, ...]) -> None:
         im = hopper(mode)
-        (w, h) = im.size
+        w, h = im.size
         transformed = im.transform(
             im.size,
             Image.Transform.EXTENT,
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class TestImageTransform:
     def test_mesh(self) -> None:
         # this should be a checkerboard of halfsized hoppers in ul, lr
         im = hopper("RGBA")
-        (w, h) = im.size
+        w, h = im.size
         transformed = im.transform(
             im.size,
             Image.Transform.MESH,
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class TestImageTransform:
 
     def test_alpha_premult_transform(self) -> None:
         def op(im: Image.Image, sz: tuple[int, int]) -> Image.Image:
-            (w, h) = im.size
+            w, h = im.size
             return im.transform(
                 sz, Image.Transform.EXTENT, (0, 0, w, h), Image.Resampling.BILINEAR
             )
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class TestImageTransform:
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ("RGBA", "LA"))
     def test_nearest_transform(self, mode: str) -> None:
         def op(im: Image.Image, sz: tuple[int, int]) -> Image.Image:
-            (w, h) = im.size
+            w, h = im.size
             return im.transform(
                 sz, Image.Transform.EXTENT, (0, 0, w, h), Image.Resampling.NEAREST
             )
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ class TestImageTransform:
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("resample", (Image.Resampling.BOX, "unknown"))
     def test_unknown_resampling_filter(self, resample: Image.Resampling | str) -> None:
         with hopper() as im:
-            (w, h) = im.size
+            w, h = im.size
             with pytest.raises(ValueError):
                 im.transform((100, 100), Image.Transform.EXTENT, (0, 0, w, h), resample)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 

Tests/test_imagedraw.py

@@ -68,10 +68,22 @@ def test_sanity() -> None:
     draw.rectangle(list(range(4)))
 
 
-def test_valueerror() -> None:
+def test_new_color() -> None:
     with Image.open("Tests/images/chi.gif") as im:
         draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+        assert im.palette is not None
+        assert len(im.palette.colors) == 249
+
+        # Test drawing a new color onto the palette
         draw.line((0, 0), fill=(0, 0, 0))
+        assert im.palette is not None
+        assert len(im.palette.colors) == 250
+        assert im.palette.dirty
+
+        # Test drawing another new color, now that the palette is dirty
+        draw.point((0, 0), fill=(1, 0, 0))
+        assert len(im.palette.colors) == 251
+        assert im.convert("RGB").getpixel((0, 0)) == (1, 0, 0)
 
 
 def test_mode_mismatch() -> None:
@@ -883,6 +895,18 @@ def test_rounded_rectangle_joined_x_different_corners() -> None:
     )
 
 
+def test_rounded_rectangle_radius() -> None:
+    # Arrange
+    im = Image.new("RGB", (W, H))
+    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im, "RGB")
+
+    # Act
+    draw.rounded_rectangle((25, 25, 75, 75), 24, fill="red", outline="green", width=5)
+
+    # Assert
+    assert_image_equal_tofile(im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_rounded_rectangle_radius.png")
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "xy, radius, type",
     [
@@ -1461,21 +1485,15 @@ def test_stroke_multiline() -> None:
 
 
 @skip_unless_feature("freetype2")
-def test_setting_default_font() -> None:
-    # Arrange
+def test_setting_default_font(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     im = Image.new("RGB", (100, 250))
+    draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+    assert isinstance(draw.getfont(), ImageFont.load_default().__class__)
+
     draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
     font = ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf", 120)
-
-    # Act
-    ImageDraw.ImageDraw.font = font
-
-    # Assert
-    try:
-        assert draw.getfont() == font
-    finally:
-        ImageDraw.ImageDraw.font = None
-        assert isinstance(draw.getfont(), ImageFont.load_default().__class__)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(ImageDraw.ImageDraw, "font", font)
+    assert draw.getfont() == font
 
 
 def test_default_font_size() -> None:

Tests/test_imagefile.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ SAFEBLOCK = ImageFile.SAFEBLOCK
 
 
 class TestImageFile:
-    def test_parser(self) -> None:
+    def test_parser(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         def roundtrip(format: str) -> tuple[Image.Image, Image.Image]:
             im = hopper("L").resize((1000, 1000), Image.Resampling.NEAREST)
             if format in ("MSP", "XBM"):
@@ -55,12 +55,9 @@ class TestImageFile:
         assert_image_equal(*roundtrip("IM"))
         assert_image_equal(*roundtrip("MSP"))
         if features.check("zlib"):
-            try:
-                # force multiple blocks in PNG driver
-                ImageFile.MAXBLOCK = 8192
-                assert_image_equal(*roundtrip("PNG"))
-            finally:
-                ImageFile.MAXBLOCK = MAXBLOCK
+            # force multiple blocks in PNG driver
+            monkeypatch.setattr(ImageFile, "MAXBLOCK", 8192)
+            assert_image_equal(*roundtrip("PNG"))
         assert_image_equal(*roundtrip("PPM"))
         assert_image_equal(*roundtrip("TIFF"))
         assert_image_equal(*roundtrip("XBM"))
@@ -120,14 +117,11 @@ class TestImageFile:
             assert (128, 128) == p.image.size
 
     @skip_unless_feature("zlib")
-    def test_safeblock(self) -> None:
+    def test_safeblock(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
         im1 = hopper()
 
-        try:
-            ImageFile.SAFEBLOCK = 1
-            im2 = fromstring(tostring(im1, "PNG"))
-        finally:
-            ImageFile.SAFEBLOCK = SAFEBLOCK
+        monkeypatch.setattr(ImageFile, "SAFEBLOCK", 1)
+        im2 = fromstring(tostring(im1, "PNG"))
 
         assert_image_equal(im1, im2)
 
@@ -176,6 +170,27 @@ class TestImageFile:
         with pytest.raises(SystemError, match="tile cannot extend outside image"):
             ImageFile._save(im, fp, [ImageFile._Tile("raw", xy + (1, 1), 0, "1")])
 
+    def test_extents_none(self) -> None:
+        with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.jpg") as im:
+            im.tile = [im.tile[0]._replace(extents=None)]
+            im.load()
+
+        for extents in ("invalid", (0,), ("0", "0", "0", "0")):
+            with Image.open("Tests/images/hopper.jpg") as im:
+                im.tile = [im.tile[0]._replace(extents=extents)]  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="invalid extents"):
+                    im.load()
+
+        im2 = Image.new("L", (1, 1))
+        fp = BytesIO()
+        tile = ImageFile._Tile("jpeg", None, 0, "L")
+        ImageFile._save(im2, fp, [tile])
+
+        for extents in ("invalid", (0,), ("0", "0", "0", "0")):
+            tile = tile._replace(extents=extents)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="invalid extents"):
+                ImageFile._save(im2, fp, [tile])
+
     def test_no_format(self) -> None:
         buf = BytesIO(b"\x00" * 255)
 
@@ -301,6 +316,26 @@ class TestPyDecoder(CodecsTest):
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             MockPyDecoder.last.set_as_raw(b"\x00")
 
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "extents",
+        (
+            (-10, yoff, xoff + xsize, yoff + ysize),
+            (xoff, -10, xoff + xsize, yoff + ysize),
+            (xoff, yoff, -10, yoff + ysize),
+            (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize, -10),
+            (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize + 100, yoff + ysize),
+            (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize, yoff + ysize + 100),
+        ),
+    )
+    def test_extents(self, extents: tuple[int, int, int, int]) -> None:
+        buf = BytesIO(b"\x00" * 255)
+
+        im = MockImageFile(buf)
+        im.tile = [ImageFile._Tile("MOCK", extents, 32, None)]
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            im.load()
+
     def test_extents_none(self) -> None:
         buf = BytesIO(b"\x00" * 255)
 
@@ -314,40 +349,6 @@ class TestPyDecoder(CodecsTest):
         assert MockPyDecoder.last.state.xsize == 200
         assert MockPyDecoder.last.state.ysize == 200
 
-    def test_negsize(self) -> None:
-        buf = BytesIO(b"\x00" * 255)
-
-        im = MockImageFile(buf)
-        im.tile = [ImageFile._Tile("MOCK", (xoff, yoff, -10, yoff + ysize), 32, None)]
-
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            im.load()
-
-        im.tile = [ImageFile._Tile("MOCK", (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize, -10), 32, None)]
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            im.load()
-
-    def test_oversize(self) -> None:
-        buf = BytesIO(b"\x00" * 255)
-
-        im = MockImageFile(buf)
-        im.tile = [
-            ImageFile._Tile(
-                "MOCK", (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize + 100, yoff + ysize), 32, None
-            )
-        ]
-
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            im.load()
-
-        im.tile = [
-            ImageFile._Tile(
-                "MOCK", (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize, yoff + ysize + 100), 32, None
-            )
-        ]
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            im.load()
-
     def test_decode(self) -> None:
         decoder = ImageFile.PyDecoder("")
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
@@ -377,6 +378,33 @@ class TestPyEncoder(CodecsTest):
         assert MockPyEncoder.last.state.xsize == xsize
         assert MockPyEncoder.last.state.ysize == ysize
 
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "extents",
+        (
+            (-10, yoff, xoff + xsize, yoff + ysize),
+            (xoff, -10, xoff + xsize, yoff + ysize),
+            (xoff, yoff, -10, yoff + ysize),
+            (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize, -10),
+            (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize + 100, yoff + ysize),
+            (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize, yoff + ysize + 100),
+        ),
+    )
+    def test_extents(self, extents: tuple[int, int, int, int]) -> None:
+        buf = BytesIO(b"\x00" * 255)
+
+        im = MockImageFile(buf)
+
+        fp = BytesIO()
+        MockPyEncoder.last = None
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            ImageFile._save(im, fp, [ImageFile._Tile("MOCK", extents, 0, "RGB")])
+        last: MockPyEncoder | None = MockPyEncoder.last
+        assert last
+        assert last.cleanup_called
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            ImageFile._save(im, fp, [ImageFile._Tile("MOCK", extents, 0, "RGB")])
+
     def test_extents_none(self) -> None:
         buf = BytesIO(b"\x00" * 255)
 
@@ -392,58 +420,6 @@ class TestPyEncoder(CodecsTest):
         assert MockPyEncoder.last.state.xsize == 200
         assert MockPyEncoder.last.state.ysize == 200
 
-    def test_negsize(self) -> None:
-        buf = BytesIO(b"\x00" * 255)
-
-        im = MockImageFile(buf)
-
-        fp = BytesIO()
-        MockPyEncoder.last = None
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            ImageFile._save(
-                im,
-                fp,
-                [ImageFile._Tile("MOCK", (xoff, yoff, -10, yoff + ysize), 0, "RGB")],
-            )
-        last: MockPyEncoder | None = MockPyEncoder.last
-        assert last
-        assert last.cleanup_called
-
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            ImageFile._save(
-                im,
-                fp,
-                [ImageFile._Tile("MOCK", (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize, -10), 0, "RGB")],
-            )
-
-    def test_oversize(self) -> None:
-        buf = BytesIO(b"\x00" * 255)
-
-        im = MockImageFile(buf)
-
-        fp = BytesIO()
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            ImageFile._save(
-                im,
-                fp,
-                [
-                    ImageFile._Tile(
-                        "MOCK", (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize + 100, yoff + ysize), 0, "RGB"
-                    )
-                ],
-            )
-
-        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
-            ImageFile._save(
-                im,
-                fp,
-                [
-                    ImageFile._Tile(
-                        "MOCK", (xoff, yoff, xoff + xsize, yoff + ysize + 100), 0, "RGB"
-                    )
-                ],
-            )
-
     def test_encode(self) -> None:
         encoder = ImageFile.PyEncoder("")
         with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):

Tests/test_imagefont.py

@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ def test_rotated_transposed_font(
         bbox_b[2] - bbox_b[0],
     )
 
-    # Check top left co-ordinates are correct
+    # Check top left coordinates are correct
     assert bbox_b[:2] == (20, 20)
 
     # text length is undefined for vertical text
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ def test_unrotated_transposed_font(
         bbox_b[3] - bbox_b[1],
     )
 
-    # Check top left co-ordinates are correct
+    # Check top left coordinates are correct
     assert bbox_b[:2] == (20, 20)
 
     assert length_a == length_b

Tests/test_imagefontpil.py

@@ -38,20 +38,18 @@ def test_invalid_mode() -> None:
             font._load_pilfont_data(fp, im)
 
 
-def test_without_freetype() -> None:
-    original_core = ImageFont.core
+def test_without_freetype(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     if features.check_module("freetype2"):
-        ImageFont.core = _util.DeferredError(ImportError("Disabled for testing"))
-    try:
-        with pytest.raises(ImportError):
-            ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf")
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            ImageFont, "core", _util.DeferredError(ImportError("Disabled for testing"))
+        )
+    with pytest.raises(ImportError):
+        ImageFont.truetype("Tests/fonts/FreeMono.ttf")
 
-        assert isinstance(ImageFont.load_default(), ImageFont.ImageFont)
+    assert isinstance(ImageFont.load_default(), ImageFont.ImageFont)
 
-        with pytest.raises(ImportError):
-            ImageFont.load_default(size=14)
-    finally:
-        ImageFont.core = original_core
+    with pytest.raises(ImportError):
+        ImageFont.load_default(size=14)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("font", fonts)

Tests/test_imagegrab.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import pytest
 
 from PIL import Image, ImageGrab
 
-from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile, skip_unless_feature
+from .helper import assert_image_equal_tofile, on_ci, skip_unless_feature
 
 
 class TestImageGrab:
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class TestImageGrab:
                 ImageGrab.grab()
 
             ImageGrab.grab(xdisplay="")
-        except OSError as e:
+        except (OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError) as e:
             pytest.skip(str(e))
 
     @pytest.mark.skipif(Image.core.HAVE_XCB, reason="tests missing XCB")
@@ -60,12 +60,44 @@ class TestImageGrab:
             ImageGrab.grab(xdisplay="error.test:0.0")
         assert str(e.value).startswith("X connection failed")
 
-    @pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != "win32", reason="Windows only")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        sys.platform != "darwin" or not on_ci(), reason="Only runs on macOS CI"
+    )
+    def test_grab_handle(self) -> None:
+        p = subprocess.Popen(
+            [
+                "osascript",
+                "-e",
+                'tell application "Finder"\n'
+                'open ("/" as POSIX file)\n'
+                "get id of front window\n"
+                "end tell",
+            ],
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        )
+        stdout = p.stdout
+        assert stdout is not None
+        window = int(stdout.read())
+
+        ImageGrab.grab(window=window)
+
+        im = ImageGrab.grab((0, 0, 10, 10), window=window)
+        assert im.size == (10, 10)
+
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        sys.platform not in ("darwin", "win32"), reason="macOS and Windows only"
+    )
     def test_grab_invalid_handle(self) -> None:
-        with pytest.raises(OSError, match="unable to get device context for handle"):
-            ImageGrab.grab(window=-1)
-        with pytest.raises(OSError, match="screen grab failed"):
-            ImageGrab.grab(window=0)
+        if sys.platform == "darwin":
+            with pytest.raises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+                ImageGrab.grab(window=-1)
+        else:
+            with pytest.raises(
+                OSError, match="unable to get device context for handle"
+            ):
+                ImageGrab.grab(window=-1)
+            with pytest.raises(OSError, match="screen grab failed"):
+                ImageGrab.grab(window=0)
 
     def test_grabclipboard(self) -> None:
         if sys.platform == "darwin":

Tests/test_imagemorph.py

@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ def string_to_img(image_string: str) -> Image.Image:
     return im
 
 
-A = string_to_img(
-    """
+A = string_to_img("""
     .......
     .......
     ..111..
@@ -31,8 +30,7 @@ A = string_to_img(
     ..111..
     .......
     .......
-    """
-)
+    """)
 
 
 def img_to_string(im: Image.Image) -> str:
@@ -231,15 +229,15 @@ def test_negate() -> None:
 
 
 def test_incorrect_mode() -> None:
-    im = hopper()
     mop = ImageMorph.MorphOp(op_name="erosion8")
 
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Image mode must be 1 or L"):
-        mop.apply(im)
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Image mode must be 1 or L"):
-        mop.match(im)
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Image mode must be 1 or L"):
-        mop.get_on_pixels(im)
+    with hopper() as im:
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Image mode must be 1 or L"):
+            mop.apply(im)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Image mode must be 1 or L"):
+            mop.match(im)
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Image mode must be 1 or L"):
+            mop.get_on_pixels(im)
 
 
 def test_add_patterns() -> None:

Tests/test_imageops.py

@@ -256,6 +256,13 @@ def test_expand_palette(border: int | tuple[int, int, int, int]) -> None:
         assert_image_equal(im_cropped, im)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("border", ((1,), (1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)))
+def test_expand_invalid_border(border: tuple[int, ...]) -> None:
+    im = Image.new("1", (1, 1))
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        ImageOps.expand(im, border)
+
+
 def test_colorize_2color() -> None:
     # Test the colorizing function with 2-color functionality
 

Tests/test_imagepalette.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import io
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 
-from PIL import Image, ImagePalette
+from PIL import Image, ImagePalette, PaletteFile
 
 from .helper import assert_image_equal, assert_image_equal_tofile
 
@@ -22,6 +23,13 @@ def test_reload() -> None:
         assert_image_equal(im.convert("RGB"), original.convert("RGB"))
 
 
+def test_save_fp() -> None:
+    palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
+    with io.StringIO() as fp:
+        palette.save(fp)
+        assert not fp.closed
+
+
 def test_getcolor() -> None:
     palette = ImagePalette.ImagePalette()
     assert len(palette.palette) == 0
@@ -202,6 +210,19 @@ def test_2bit_palette(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     assert_image_equal_tofile(img, outfile)
 
 
+def test_getpalette() -> None:
+    b = io.BytesIO(b"0 1\n1 2 3 4")
+    p = PaletteFile.PaletteFile(b)
+
+    palette, rawmode = p.getpalette()
+    assert palette[:6] == b"\x01\x01\x01\x02\x03\x04"
+    assert rawmode == "RGB"
+
+
 def test_invalid_palette() -> None:
     with pytest.raises(OSError):
         ImagePalette.load("Tests/images/hopper.jpg")
+
+    b = io.BytesIO(b"1" * 101)
+    with pytest.raises(SyntaxError, match="bad palette file"):
+        PaletteFile.PaletteFile(b)

Tests/test_imagepath.py

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ def test_path() -> None:
         [0.0, 1.0],
         ((0, 1),),
         [(0, 1)],
+        [[0, 1]],
         ((0.0, 1.0),),
         [(0.0, 1.0)],
         array.array("f", [0, 1]),
@@ -68,6 +69,34 @@ def test_path_constructors(
     assert list(p) == [(0.0, 1.0)]
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "coords, expected",
+    (
+        ([[0, 1], [2, 3]], [(0.0, 1.0), (2.0, 3.0)]),
+        ([[0.0, 1.0], [2.0, 3.0]], [(0.0, 1.0), (2.0, 3.0)]),
+    ),
+)
+def test_path_list_of_lists(
+    coords: list[list[float]], expected: list[tuple[float, float]]
+) -> None:
+    p = ImagePath.Path(coords)
+    assert list(p) == expected
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "coords, message",
+    (
+        ([[1, 2, 3]], "coordinate list must contain exactly 2 coordinates"),
+        ([[1]], "coordinate list must contain exactly 2 coordinates"),
+        ([[[1, 2], [3, 4]]], "coordinate list must contain numbers"),
+        ([["a", "b"]], "coordinate list must contain numbers"),
+    ),
+)
+def test_invalid_list_coords(coords: list[list[object]], message: str) -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=message):
+        ImagePath.Path(coords)
+
+
 def test_invalid_path_constructors() -> None:
     # Arrange / Act
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="incorrect coordinate type"):

Tests/test_imagetext.py

@@ -108,3 +108,123 @@ def test_stroke() -> None:
         assert_image_similar_tofile(
             im, "Tests/images/imagedraw_stroke_" + suffix + ".png", 3.1
         )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "data, width, expected",
+    (
+        ("Hello World!", 100, "Hello World!"),  # No wrap required
+        ("Hello World!", 50, "Hello\nWorld!"),  # Wrap word to a new line
+        # Keep multiple spaces within a line
+        ("Keep  multiple spaces", 90, "Keep  multiple\nspaces"),
+        (" Keep\n leading space", 100, " Keep\n leading space"),
+    ),
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("string", (True, False))
+def test_wrap(data: str, width: int, expected: str, string: bool) -> None:
+    if string:
+        text = ImageText.Text(data)
+        assert text.wrap(width) is None
+        assert text.text == expected
+    else:
+        text_bytes = ImageText.Text(data.encode())
+        assert text_bytes.wrap(width) is None
+        assert text_bytes.text == expected.encode()
+
+
+def test_wrap_long_word() -> None:
+    text = ImageText.Text("Hello World!")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Word does not fit within line"):
+        text.wrap(25)
+
+
+def test_wrap_unsupported(font: ImageFont.FreeTypeFont) -> None:
+    transposed_font = ImageFont.TransposedFont(font)
+    text = ImageText.Text("Hello World!", transposed_font)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="TransposedFont not supported"):
+        text.wrap(50)
+
+    text = ImageText.Text("Hello World!", direction="ttb")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Only ltr direction supported"):
+        text.wrap(50)
+
+
+def test_wrap_height() -> None:
+    width = 50 if features.check_module("freetype2") else 60
+    text = ImageText.Text("Text does not fit within height")
+    wrapped = text.wrap(width, 25 if features.check_module("freetype2") else 40)
+    assert wrapped is not None
+    assert wrapped.text == " within height"
+    assert text.text == "Text does\nnot fit"
+
+    text = ImageText.Text("Text does not fit\nwithin height")
+    wrapped = text.wrap(width, 20)
+    assert wrapped is not None
+    assert wrapped.text == " not fit\nwithin height"
+    assert text.text == "Text does"
+
+    text = ImageText.Text("Text does not fit\n\nwithin height")
+    wrapped = text.wrap(width, 25 if features.check_module("freetype2") else 40)
+    assert wrapped is not None
+    assert wrapped.text == "\nwithin height"
+    assert text.text == "Text does\nnot fit"
+
+
+def test_wrap_scaling_unsupported() -> None:
+    font = ImageFont.load_default_imagefont()
+    text = ImageText.Text("Hello World!", font)
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="'scaling' only supports FreeTypeFont"):
+        text.wrap(50, scaling="shrink")
+
+    if features.check_module("freetype2"):
+        text = ImageText.Text("Hello World!")
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="'scaling' requires 'height'"):
+            text.wrap(50, scaling="shrink")
+
+
+@skip_unless_feature("freetype2")
+def test_wrap_shrink() -> None:
+    # No scaling required
+    text = ImageText.Text("Hello World!")
+    assert isinstance(text.font, ImageFont.FreeTypeFont)
+    assert text.font.size == 10
+    assert text.wrap(50, 50, "shrink") is None
+    assert isinstance(text.font, ImageFont.FreeTypeFont)
+    assert text.font.size == 10
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Text could not be scaled"):
+        text.wrap(50, 15, ("shrink", 9))
+
+    assert text.wrap(50, 15, "shrink") is None
+    assert text.font.size == 8
+
+    text = ImageText.Text("Hello World!")
+    assert text.wrap(50, 15, ("shrink", 7)) is None
+    assert isinstance(text.font, ImageFont.FreeTypeFont)
+    assert text.font.size == 8
+
+
+@skip_unless_feature("freetype2")
+def test_wrap_grow() -> None:
+    # No scaling required
+    text = ImageText.Text("Hello World!")
+    assert isinstance(text.font, ImageFont.FreeTypeFont)
+    assert text.font.size == 10
+    assert text.wrap(58, 10, "grow") is None
+    assert isinstance(text.font, ImageFont.FreeTypeFont)
+    assert text.font.size == 10
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Text could not be scaled"):
+        text.wrap(50, 50, ("grow", 12))
+
+    assert text.wrap(50, 50, "grow") is None
+    assert text.font.size == 16
+
+    text = ImageText.Text("A\nB")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Text could not be scaled"):
+        text.wrap(50, 10, "grow")
+
+    text = ImageText.Text("Hello World!")
+    assert text.wrap(50, 50, ("grow", 18)) is None
+    assert isinstance(text.font, ImageFont.FreeTypeFont)
+    assert text.font.size == 16

Tests/test_imagewin_pointers.py

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ if is_win32():
 
     def test_pointer(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         im = hopper()
-        (width, height) = im.size
+        width, height = im.size
         opath = tmp_path / "temp.png"
         imdib = ImageWin.Dib(im)
 

Tests/test_nanoarrow.py

@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ INT32 = DataShape(
     ),
 )
 def test_fromarray(mode: str, data_tp: DataShape, mask: list[int] | None) -> None:
-    (dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel) = data_tp
+    dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel = data_tp
 
     ct_pixels = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[0] * TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[1]
     if dtype == fl_uint8_4_type:
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ def test_fromarray(mode: str, data_tp: DataShape, mask: list[int] | None) -> Non
 )
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("data_tp", (UINT32, INT32))
 def test_from_int32array(mode: str, mask: list[int] | None, data_tp: DataShape) -> None:
-    (dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel) = data_tp
+    dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel = data_tp
 
     ct_pixels = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[0] * TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[1]
     arr = nanoarrow.Array(

Tests/test_pdfparser.py

@@ -125,3 +125,8 @@ def test_duplicate_xref_entry() -> None:
     pdf = PdfParser("Tests/images/duplicate_xref_entry.pdf")
     assert pdf.xref_table.existing_entries[6][0] == 1197
     pdf.close()
+
+
+def test_trailer_loop() -> None:
+    with pytest.raises(PdfFormatError, match="trailer loop found"):
+        PdfParser("Tests/images/trailer_loop.pdf")

Tests/test_psdraw.py

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import sys
 from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
 
+import pytest
+
 from PIL import Image, PSDraw
 
 
@@ -47,21 +49,16 @@ def test_draw_postscript(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     assert os.path.getsize(tempfile) > 0
 
 
-def test_stdout() -> None:
+def test_stdout(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     # Temporarily redirect stdout
-    old_stdout = sys.stdout
-
     class MyStdOut:
         buffer = BytesIO()
 
     mystdout = MyStdOut()
 
-    sys.stdout = mystdout
+    monkeypatch.setattr(sys, "stdout", mystdout)
 
     ps = PSDraw.PSDraw()
     _create_document(ps)
 
-    # Reset stdout
-    sys.stdout = old_stdout
-
     assert mystdout.buffer.getvalue() != b""

Tests/test_pyarrow.py

@@ -112,8 +112,6 @@ def test_to_array(mode: str, dtype: pyarrow.DataType, mask: list[int] | None) ->
 
     reloaded = Image.fromarrow(arr, mode, img.size)
 
-    assert reloaded
-
     assert_image_equal(img, reloaded)
 
 
@@ -211,7 +209,7 @@ INT32 = DataShape(
     ),
 )
 def test_fromarray(mode: str, data_tp: DataShape, mask: list[int] | None) -> None:
-    (dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel) = data_tp
+    dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel = data_tp
 
     ct_pixels = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[0] * TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[1]
     arr = pyarrow.array([elt] * (ct_pixels * elts_per_pixel), type=dtype)
@@ -238,7 +236,7 @@ def test_fromarray(mode: str, data_tp: DataShape, mask: list[int] | None) -> Non
     ),
 )
 def test_from_int32array(mode: str, data_tp: DataShape, mask: list[int] | None) -> None:
-    (dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel) = data_tp
+    dtype, elt, elts_per_pixel = data_tp
 
     ct_pixels = TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[0] * TEST_IMAGE_SIZE[1]
     arr = pyarrow.array([elt] * (ct_pixels * elts_per_pixel), type=dtype)

Tests/test_pyroma.py

@@ -6,10 +6,15 @@ import pytest
 
 from PIL import __version__
 
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from importlib.metadata import PackageMetadata
+
 pyroma = pytest.importorskip("pyroma", reason="Pyroma not installed")
 
 
-def map_metadata_keys(md):
+def map_metadata_keys(md: PackageMetadata) -> dict[str, str | list[str] | None]:
     # Convert installed wheel metadata into canonical Core Metadata 2.4 format.
     # This was a utility method in pyroma 4.3.3; it was removed in 5.0.
     # This implementation is constructed from the relevant logic from
@@ -17,16 +22,16 @@ def map_metadata_keys(md):
     # upstream to Pyroma as https://github.com/regebro/pyroma/pull/116,
     # so it may be possible to simplify this test in future.
     data = {}
-    for key in set(md.keys()):
+    for key in set(md):
         value = md.get_all(key)
         key = pyroma.projectdata.normalize(key)
 
-        if len(value) == 1:
-            value = value[0]
-            if value.strip() == "UNKNOWN":
-                continue
-
-        data[key] = value
+        if value is not None and len(value) == 1:
+            first_value = value[0]
+            if first_value.strip() != "UNKNOWN":
+                data[key] = first_value
+        else:
+            data[key] = value
     return data
 
 

Tests/test_uploader.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from .helper import assert_image_equal, assert_image_similar, hopper
+from .helper import assert_image_equal, hopper
 
 
 def check_upload_equal() -> None:
@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ def check_upload_equal() -> None:
 def check_upload_similar() -> None:
     result = hopper("P").convert("RGB")
     target = hopper("RGB")
-    assert_image_similar(result, target, 0)
+    assert_image_equal(result, target)

depends/download-and-extract.sh

@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@ archive=$1
 url=$2
 
 if [ ! -f $archive.tar.gz ]; then
-    wget --no-verbose -O $archive.tar.gz $url
+    wget -O $archive.tar.gz $url \
+        --no-verbose \
+        --retry-connrefused \
+        --retry-on-http-error=429,503,504
 fi
 
 rmdir $archive

depends/install_libavif.sh

@@ -1,68 +1,86 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 set -eo pipefail
 
-version=1.3.0
+version=1.4.1
 
-./download-and-extract.sh libavif-$version https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif/archive/refs/tags/v$version.tar.gz
+if [[ "$GHA_LIBAVIF_CACHE_HIT" == "true" ]]; then
 
-pushd libavif-$version
+    LIBDIR=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu
 
-# Apply patch for SVT-AV1 4.0 compatibility
-# Pending release of https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif/pull/2971
-patch -p1 < ../libavif-svt4.patch
+    # Copy cached files into place
+    sudo cp ~/cache-libavif/lib/* $LIBDIR/
+    sudo cp -r ~/cache-libavif/include/avif /usr/include/
 
-if [ $(uname) == "Darwin" ] && [ -x "$(command -v brew)" ]; then
-    PREFIX=$(brew --prefix)
 else
-    PREFIX=/usr
+
+    ./download-and-extract.sh libavif-$version https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/libavif/archive/refs/tags/v$version.tar.gz
+
+    pushd libavif-$version
+
+    if [ $(uname) == "Darwin" ] && [ -x "$(command -v brew)" ]; then
+        PREFIX=$(brew --prefix)
+    else
+        PREFIX=/usr
+    fi
+
+    PKGCONFIG=${PKGCONFIG:-pkg-config}
+
+    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS=()
+    HAS_DECODER=0
+    HAS_ENCODER=0
+
+    if $PKGCONFIG --exists aom; then
+        LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_AOM=SYSTEM)
+        HAS_ENCODER=1
+        HAS_DECODER=1
+    fi
+
+    if $PKGCONFIG --exists dav1d; then
+        LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_DAV1D=SYSTEM)
+        HAS_DECODER=1
+    fi
+
+    if $PKGCONFIG --exists libgav1; then
+        LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_LIBGAV1=SYSTEM)
+        HAS_DECODER=1
+    fi
+
+    if $PKGCONFIG --exists rav1e; then
+        LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_RAV1E=SYSTEM)
+        HAS_ENCODER=1
+    fi
+
+    if $PKGCONFIG --exists SvtAv1Enc; then
+        LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_SVT=SYSTEM)
+        HAS_ENCODER=1
+    fi
+
+    if [ "$HAS_ENCODER" != 1 ] || [ "$HAS_DECODER" != 1 ]; then
+        LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_AOM=LOCAL)
+    fi
+
+    cmake \
+        -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$PREFIX \
+        -DCMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_DIR=$PREFIX/lib \
+        -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
+        -DCMAKE_MACOSX_RPATH=OFF \
+        -DAVIF_LIBSHARPYUV=LOCAL \
+        -DAVIF_LIBYUV=LOCAL \
+        "${LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS[@]}" \
+        .
+
+    sudo make install
+
+    if [ -n "$GITHUB_ACTIONS" ] && [ "$(uname)" != "Darwin" ]; then
+        # Copy to cache
+        LIBDIR=/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu
+        rm -rf ~/cache-libavif
+        mkdir -p ~/cache-libavif/lib
+        mkdir -p ~/cache-libavif/include
+        cp $LIBDIR/libavif.so* ~/cache-libavif/lib/
+        cp -r /usr/include/avif ~/cache-libavif/include/
+    fi
+
+    popd
+
 fi
-
-PKGCONFIG=${PKGCONFIG:-pkg-config}
-
-LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS=()
-HAS_DECODER=0
-HAS_ENCODER=0
-
-if $PKGCONFIG --exists aom; then
-    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_AOM=SYSTEM)
-    HAS_ENCODER=1
-    HAS_DECODER=1
-fi
-
-if $PKGCONFIG --exists dav1d; then
-    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_DAV1D=SYSTEM)
-    HAS_DECODER=1
-fi
-
-if $PKGCONFIG --exists libgav1; then
-    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_LIBGAV1=SYSTEM)
-    HAS_DECODER=1
-fi
-
-if $PKGCONFIG --exists rav1e; then
-    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_RAV1E=SYSTEM)
-    HAS_ENCODER=1
-fi
-
-if $PKGCONFIG --exists SvtAv1Enc; then
-    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_SVT=SYSTEM)
-    HAS_ENCODER=1
-fi
-
-if [ "$HAS_ENCODER" != 1 ] || [ "$HAS_DECODER" != 1 ]; then
-    LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS+=(-DAVIF_CODEC_AOM=LOCAL)
-fi
-
-cmake \
-    -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$PREFIX \
-    -DCMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_DIR=$PREFIX/lib \
-    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
-    -DCMAKE_MACOSX_RPATH=OFF \
-    -DAVIF_LIBSHARPYUV=LOCAL \
-    -DAVIF_LIBYUV=LOCAL \
-    "${LIBAVIF_CMAKE_FLAGS[@]}" \
-    .
-
-make install
-
-popd

depends/install_raqm.sh

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # install raqm
 
 
-archive=libraqm-0.10.3
+archive=libraqm-0.10.5
 
 ./download-and-extract.sh $archive https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-pillow/pillow-depends/main/$archive.tar.gz
 

depends/install_webp.sh

@@ -3,10 +3,30 @@
 
 archive=libwebp-1.6.0
 
-./download-and-extract.sh $archive https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-pillow/pillow-depends/main/$archive.tar.gz
+if [[ "$GHA_LIBWEBP_CACHE_HIT" == "true" ]]; then
 
-pushd $archive
+    # Copy cached files into place
+    sudo cp ~/cache-libwebp/lib/* /usr/lib/
+    sudo cp -r ~/cache-libwebp/include/webp /usr/include/
 
-./configure --prefix=/usr --enable-libwebpmux --enable-libwebpdemux && make -j4 && sudo make -j4 install
+else
 
-popd
+    ./download-and-extract.sh $archive https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-pillow/pillow-depends/main/$archive.tar.gz
+
+    pushd $archive
+
+    ./configure --prefix=/usr --enable-libwebpmux --enable-libwebpdemux && make -j4 && sudo make -j4 install
+
+    if [ -n "$GITHUB_ACTIONS" ]; then
+        # Copy to cache
+        rm -rf ~/cache-libwebp
+        mkdir -p ~/cache-libwebp/lib
+        mkdir -p ~/cache-libwebp/include
+        cp /usr/lib/libwebp*.so* /usr/lib/libwebp*.a ~/cache-libwebp/lib/
+        cp /usr/lib/libsharpyuv.so* /usr/lib/libsharpyuv.a ~/cache-libwebp/lib/
+        cp -r /usr/include/webp ~/cache-libwebp/include/
+    fi
+
+    popd
+
+fi

depends/libavif-svt4.patch

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
---- a/src/codec_svt.c
-+++ b/src/codec_svt.c
-@@ -162,7 +162,11 @@ static avifResult svtCodecEncodeImage(avifEncoder * encoder,
- #else
-         svt_config->logical_processors = encoder->maxThreads;
- #endif
-+#if SVT_AV1_CHECK_VERSION(4, 0, 0)
-+        svt_config->aq_mode = 2;
-+#else
-         svt_config->enable_adaptive_quantization = 2;
-+#endif
-         // disable 2-pass
- #if SVT_AV1_CHECK_VERSION(0, 9, 0)
-         svt_config->rc_stats_buffer = (SvtAv1FixedBuf) { NULL, 0 };

docs/COPYING

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ The Python Imaging Library (PIL) is
 
 Pillow is the friendly PIL fork. It is
 
-    Copyright © 2010 by Jeffrey A. Clark and contributors
+    Copyright © 2010 by Jeffrey 'Alex' Clark and contributors
 
 Like PIL, Pillow is licensed under the open source PIL
 Software License:

docs/conf.py

@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ master_doc = "index"
 project = "Pillow (PIL Fork)"
 copyright = (
     "1995-2011 Fredrik Lundh and contributors, "
-    "2010 Jeffrey A. Clark and contributors."
+    "2010 Jeffrey 'Alex' Clark and contributors."
 )
-author = "Fredrik Lundh (PIL), Jeffrey A. Clark (Pillow)"
+author = "Fredrik Lundh (PIL), Jeffrey 'Alex' Clark (Pillow)"
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
 # |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the

docs/dater.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import subprocess
 
 TYPE_CHECKING = False
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from sphinx.application import Sphinx
+    from typing import Any
 
 DOC_NAME_REGEX = re.compile(r"releasenotes/\d+\.\d+\.\d+")
 VERSION_TITLE_REGEX = re.compile(r"^(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)\n-+\n")
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def get_date_for(git_version: str) -> str | None:
     return out.split()[0]
 
 
-def add_date(app: Sphinx, doc_name: str, source: list[str]) -> None:
+def add_date(app: Any, doc_name: str, source: list[str]) -> None:
     if DOC_NAME_REGEX.match(doc_name) and (m := VERSION_TITLE_REGEX.match(source[0])):
         old_title = m.group(1)
 
@@ -43,6 +43,6 @@ def add_date(app: Sphinx, doc_name: str, source: list[str]) -> None:
         source[0] = result
 
 
-def setup(app: Sphinx) -> dict[str, bool]:
+def setup(app: Any) -> dict[str, bool]:
     app.connect("source-read", add_date)
     return {"parallel_read_safe": True}

docs/handbook/image-file-formats.rst

@@ -828,16 +828,6 @@ PCX
 
 Pillow reads and writes PCX files containing ``1``, ``L``, ``P``, or ``RGB`` data.
 
-PFM
-^^^
-
-.. versionadded:: 10.3.0
-
-Pillow reads and writes grayscale (Pf format) Portable FloatMap (PFM) files
-containing ``F`` data.
-
-Color (PF format) PFM files are not supported.
-
 Opening
 ~~~~~~~
 
@@ -1081,12 +1071,19 @@ following parameters can also be set:
 PPM
 ^^^
 
-Pillow reads and writes PBM, PGM, PPM and PNM files containing ``1``, ``L``, ``I`` or
-``RGB`` data.
+Pillow reads and writes PBM, PGM, PPM, PNM and PFM files containing ``1``, ``L``, ``I``,
+``RGB`` or ``F`` data.
 
 "Raw" (P4 to P6) formats can be read, and are used when writing.
 
-Since Pillow 9.2.0, "plain" (P1 to P3) formats can be read as well.
+.. versionadded:: 9.2.0
+   "Plain" (P1 to P3) formats can be read.
+
+.. versionadded:: 10.3.0
+   Grayscale (Pf format) Portable FloatMap (PFM) files containing
+   ``F`` data can be read and used when writing.
+
+Color (PF format) PFM files are not supported.
 
 QOI
 ^^^

docs/handbook/index.rst

@@ -8,3 +8,4 @@ Handbook
   tutorial
   concepts
   appendices
+  security

docs/handbook/security.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+Security
+========
+
+Pillow's primary attack surface is **parsing untrusted image data**. This page
+documents the threat model for developers integrating Pillow into applications
+that handle images from untrusted sources, along with recommended mitigations.
+
+To report a vulnerability see :ref:`security-reporting`.
+
+.. _security-threat-model:
+
+Threat model (STRIDE)
+---------------------
+
+The analysis below follows the `STRIDE
+<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STRIDE_model>`_ framework and covers the
+boundary between untrusted image input and the Pillow API.
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+                    ┌──────────────────────────────────────────┐
+   Untrusted zone   │             Pillow API                   │
+   ─────────────    │                                          │
+   Image files ────►│  Image.open()  ──►  Format plugins       │
+   Byte streams     │  (40+ parsers)      (Python + C FFI)     │
+   User metadata    │                                          │
+                    │  ImageMath.unsafe_eval(expr)  ───────────┼──► Python eval()
+                    │  ImageShow.show(image)  ─────────────────┼──► os.system / subprocess
+                    │  EpsImagePlugin.open(eps)  ──────────────┼──► Ghostscript (gs)
+                    └──────────────┬───────────────────────────┘
+                                   │ C extensions:
+                                   │  _imaging · _imagingft · _imagingcms
+                                   │  _webp · _avif · _imagingtk
+                                   │  _imagingmath · _imagingmorph
+                                   ▼
+                    ┌──────────────────────────────────────────┐
+                    │  C libraries (bundled or system)         │
+                    │  libjpeg · libpng · libtiff · libwebp    │
+                    │  openjpeg · freetype · littlecms2        │
+                    └──────────────────────────────────────────┘
+
+Spoofing
+^^^^^^^^
+
+**S-1 — Format sniffing bypass**
+
+``Image.open()`` detects format by magic bytes, not file extension or MIME
+type. An attacker can name a file ``safe.png`` while its content is TIFF, JPEG
+2000, or EPS, causing a different — potentially more dangerous — parser to run.
+
+*Mitigations:* validate MIME type and magic bytes independently before calling
+``Image.open()``; pass the ``formats`` argument with an allowlist of accepted
+formats.
+
+**S-2 — Plugin registry spoofing**
+
+Pillow's format registry is a global mutable dictionary. A malicious package
+installed in the same environment could register a replacement parser for a
+well-known format.
+
+*Mitigations:* use isolated virtual environments with pinned, hash-verified
+dependencies; audit ``Image.registered_extensions()`` at startup.
+
+Tampering
+^^^^^^^^^
+
+**T-1 — Malicious metadata propagation**
+
+Pillow preserves EXIF, XMP, IPTC, ICC profiles, and comments when
+round-tripping images. Applications that store or render metadata without
+sanitisation are vulnerable to second-order injection (SQLi, XSS, command
+injection).
+
+*Mitigations:* treat all values from ``image.info``, ``image._getexif()``,
+``image.getexif()``, and ``image.text`` as untrusted; sanitise before storing
+or rendering; strip metadata when it is not required.
+
+**T-2 — Covert data channel (steganography)**
+
+Pillow does not remove hidden data (JPEG comments, PNG text chunks) when
+re-saving. An attacker can embed data that survives the
+encode-decode cycle invisibly.
+
+*Mitigations:* to guarantee a clean output when saving, create a new image instance via
+``image.copy()`` and delete the ``image.info`` contents.
+
+**T-3 — Supply chain tampering**
+
+Pre-compiled wheels bundle libjpeg-turbo, libpng, libtiff, libwebp, openjpeg,
+freetype, littlecms2, and other libraries. A compromised PyPI release or build pipeline
+could ship malicious binaries.
+
+*Mitigations:* pin with hash verification
+(``python3 -m pip install --require-hashes``); monitor `Pillow security advisories
+<https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories>`_; use
+Dependabot or OSV-Scanner for bundled C library CVEs.
+
+Repudiation
+^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+**R-1 — No structured audit trail**
+
+Without application-level logging there is no record of which images were
+opened, what formats were detected, or what operations were performed, making
+forensic investigation harder after an incident.
+
+*Mitigations:* log the filename/hash, detected format, and dimensions of every
+image processed; log and alert on ``Image.DecompressionBombWarning``,
+``Image.DecompressionBombError``, and ``PIL.UnidentifiedImageError``.
+
+Information disclosure
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+**I-1 — Metadata in saved images**
+
+GPS coordinates, author names, software version strings, and ICC profiles can
+be inadvertently included in output images served publicly.
+
+*Mitigations:* explicitly strip EXIF and XMP on save (set ``exif=b""``,
+``icc_profile=None``, omit ``pnginfo``); verify output with ``exiftool`` in CI.
+
+**I-2 — Temporary file exposure**
+
+Several code paths write pixel data to temporary files via
+``tempfile.mkstemp()``. Exception paths can leave these files behind on shared
+filesystems.
+
+*Mitigations:* files are created with mode ``0o600``; mount ``/tmp`` as a
+per-container ``tmpfs``; ensure ``try/finally`` cleanup is in place.
+
+Denial of service
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+**D-1 — Decompression bomb**
+
+A small compressed image can expand to gigabytes in memory.
+:py:data:`PIL.Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS` raises
+``Image.DecompressionBombError`` at 2× the limit and
+``Image.DecompressionBombWarning`` at 1×. PNG text chunks are
+separately capped by ``PngImagePlugin.MAX_TEXT_CHUNK`` and
+``MAX_TEXT_MEMORY``. Check the values in your installed Pillow version at
+runtime or in the reference/source for the current defaults.
+
+*Mitigations:* **never** set ``Image.MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS = None`` in production;
+treat ``Image.DecompressionBombWarning`` as an error; set OS/container memory limits
+per worker.
+
+**D-2 — CPU exhaustion**
+
+Large-but-legal images (within ``MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS``) can still saturate CPU
+through high-quality resampling, convolution filters, or complex draw
+operations.
+
+*Mitigations:* apply per-request CPU time limits; set a practical dimension
+ceiling below ``MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS``; rate-limit processing requests.
+
+**D-3 — Algorithmic complexity in parsers**
+
+Formats such as TIFF (nested IFD chains), animated GIF/WebP (many frames), and
+PNG (many text chunks) can exhaust CPU or memory before pixel data is decoded.
+
+*Mitigations:* restrict accepted formats to the minimum required; enforce a
+file-size limit before passing data to Pillow; use per-request timeouts.
+
+Elevation of privilege
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+**E-1 — C extension memory corruption (RCE)**
+
+Pillow's ~87 C source files and its bundled C libraries process
+attacker-controlled bytes. Historical CVEs include buffer overflows, integer
+overflows, and use-after-free vulnerabilities that allow arbitrary code
+execution.
+
+*Mitigations:* keep Pillow and all C libraries up to date; compile with
+hardening flags (ASLR, stack canaries, PIE, ``_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2``); run image
+processing in a sandboxed subprocess (seccomp-bpf, AppArmor, or a restricted
+container).
+
+**E-2 — Ghostscript exploitation via EPS (RCE)**
+
+Opening an EPS file invokes the system Ghostscript binary (``gs``) via
+``subprocess``. Ghostscript has a long history of sandbox-escape CVEs
+permitting arbitrary code execution from malicious PostScript.
+
+*Mitigations:* **block EPS files** at the application input layer before
+passing files to Pillow; if EPS must be supported, run Ghostscript in a fully
+isolated sandbox with no network and no sensitive mounts. Pillow does not
+provide a stable public API for unregistering individual format plugins, so do
+not rely on mutating internal registries such as ``Image.OPEN`` as a security
+control.
+
+
+**E-3 — ImageMath.unsafe_eval() code injection**
+
+:py:meth:`~PIL.ImageMath.unsafe_eval` calls Python's built-in ``eval()`` with
+only a minimal ``__builtins__`` restriction, which can be bypassed via
+introspection. Any user-controlled string passed to this function results in
+arbitrary code execution.
+
+*Mitigations:* **never** pass user-controlled strings to
+``ImageMath.unsafe_eval()``; use :py:meth:`~PIL.ImageMath.lambda_eval` instead,
+which accepts a Python callable and never calls ``eval``.
+
+**E-4 — Font path traversal via ImageFont**
+
+``ImageFont.truetype(font, size)`` passes the filename to the FreeType C
+library. If font paths are constructed from user input without
+canonicalisation, an attacker may supply a path like
+``../../../../etc/passwd``.
+
+*Mitigations:* never construct font paths from user input; if font selection
+must be user-driven, resolve names against an explicit allowlist of
+pre-validated absolute paths.
+
+.. _security-recommendations:
+
+Recommendations
+---------------
+
+The following mitigations are listed in priority order.
+
+1. **Sandbox image processing** — run Pillow workers in a seccomp/AppArmor
+   restricted subprocess, isolated from the main application process.
+2. **Block or sandbox EPS** — reject EPS at the application boundary, or run
+   Ghostscript in an isolated container.
+3. **Never use** ``ImageMath.unsafe_eval()`` **with user input** — migrate all
+   callers to :py:meth:`~PIL.ImageMath.lambda_eval`.
+4. **Keep all dependencies current** — Pillow and its C library dependencies
+   (including libjpeg, libpng, libtiff, libwebp, openjpeg, freetype,
+   littlecms2, Ghostscript, and others). Subscribe to `Pillow security
+   advisories <https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories>`_.
+5. **Enforce** ``MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS`` — never set it to ``None``; treat
+   ``Image.DecompressionBombWarning`` as an error.
+6. **Allowlist image formats** — restrict accepted formats when opening
+   images, for example with ``Image.open(..., formats=...)``, and isolate
+   installs/environments if you need to minimise supported formats.
+7. **Strip metadata on output** — never pass through EXIF/XMP/ICC from user
+   uploads to publicly served images.
+8. **Sanitise all metadata** returned by Pillow before using it downstream.
+9. **Pin dependencies with hash verification** — use
+   ``pip install --require-hashes`` and lockfiles.
+10. **Log and alert** on ``Image.DecompressionBombWarning``,
+    ``Image.DecompressionBombError``, ``PIL.UnidentifiedImageError``,
+    and all exceptions from ``Image.open()``.
+
+.. _security-reporting:
+
+Reporting a vulnerability
+-------------------------
+
+To report sensitive vulnerability information, report it `privately on GitHub
+<https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/security/advisories/new>`_.
+
+If you cannot use GitHub, use the `Tidelift security contact
+<https://tidelift.com/docs/security>`_. Tidelift will coordinate the fix and
+disclosure.
+
+**Do not report sensitive vulnerability information in public.**