Merge branch 'stable'

drop python 3.7 and 3.8
move tox config into pyproject
use new license metadata

.devcontainer/on-create-command.sh

@@ -1,7 +1,17 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 set -e
-python3 -m venv --upgrade-deps .venv
-. .venv/bin/activate
-pip install -r requirements/dev.txt
-pip install -e .
+
+# Install uv if not already installed
+if ! command -v uv &> /dev/null; then
+    echo "Installing uv..."
+    curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
+    export PATH="$HOME/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
+fi
+
+# Create venv using uv and install dependencies
+echo "Creating virtual environment and installing dependencies..."
+uv sync
+
+# Install pre-commit hooks
+echo "Installing pre-commit hooks..."
 pre-commit install --install-hooks

.github/workflows/lock.yaml

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ on:
 permissions:
   issues: write
   pull-requests: write
+  discussions: write
 concurrency:
   group: lock
 jobs:

.github/workflows/pre-commit.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: pre-commit
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+    branches: [main, stable]
+jobs:
+  main:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@f0ec1fc3b38f5e7cd731bb6ce540c5af426746bb # v6.1.0
+        with:
+          enable-cache: true
+          prune-cache: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
+        id: setup-python
+        with:
+          python-version-file: pyproject.toml
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cache/pre-commit
+          key: pre-commit|${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml', '.pre-commit-config.yaml') }}
+      - run: uv run --locked --group pre-commit pre-commit run --show-diff-on-failure --color=always --all-files
+      - uses: pre-commit-ci/lite-action@5d6cc0eb514c891a40562a58a8e71576c5c7fb43 # v1.1.0
+        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}

.github/workflows/publish.yaml

@@ -1,23 +1,22 @@
 name: Publish
 on:
   push:
-    tags:
-      - '*'
+    tags: ['*']
 jobs:
   build:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@0b93645e9fea7318ecaed2b359559ac225c90a2b # v5.3.0
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@f0ec1fc3b38f5e7cd731bb6ce540c5af426746bb # v6.1.0
         with:
-          python-version: '3.x'
-          cache: pip
-          cache-dependency-path: requirements*/*.txt
-      - run: pip install -r requirements/build.txt
-      # Use the commit date instead of the current date during the build.
+          enable-cache: true
+          prune-cache: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
+        with:
+          python-version-file: pyproject.toml
       - run: echo "SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=$(git log -1 --pretty=%ct)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - run: python -m build
-      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@6f51ac03b9356f520e9adb1b1b7802705f340c2b # v4.5.0
+      - run: uv build
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
         with:
           path: ./dist
   create-release:
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       contents: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@fa0a91b85d4f404e444e00e005971372dc801d16 # v4.1.8
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@d3f86a106a0bac45b974a628896c90dbdf5c8093 # v4.3.0
       - name: create release
         run: >
           gh release create --draft --repo ${{ github.repository }}
@@ -35,8 +34,6 @@ jobs:
           GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
   publish-pypi:
     needs: [build]
-    # Wait for approval before attempting to upload to PyPI. This allows reviewing the
-    # files in the draft release.
     environment:
       name: publish
       url: https://pypi.org/project/Jinja2/${{ github.ref_name }}
@@ -44,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
     permissions:
       id-token: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@fa0a91b85d4f404e444e00e005971372dc801d16 # v4.1.8
-      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@67339c736fd9354cd4f8cb0b744f2b82a74b5c70 # v1.12.3
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@d3f86a106a0bac45b974a628896c90dbdf5c8093 # v4.3.0
+      - uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@76f52bc884231f62b9a034ebfe128415bbaabdfc # v1.12.4
         with:
           packages-dir: artifact/

.github/workflows/tests.yaml

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 name: Tests
 on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths-ignore: ['docs/**', 'README.md']
   push:
     branches: [main, stable]
-    paths-ignore: ['docs/**', '*.md', '*.rst']
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore: [ 'docs/**', '*.md', '*.rst' ]
+    paths-ignore: ['docs/**', 'README.md']
 jobs:
   tests:
     name: ${{ matrix.name || matrix.python }}
@@ -14,38 +14,36 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           - {python: '3.13'}
+          - {name: Windows, python: '3.13', os: windows-latest}
+          - {name: Mac, python: '3.13', os: macos-latest}
           - {python: '3.12'}
-          - {name: Windows, python: '3.12', os: windows-latest}
-          - {name: Mac, python: '3.12', os: macos-latest}
           - {python: '3.11'}
           - {python: '3.10'}
-          - {python: '3.9'}
-          - {python: '3.8'}
-          - {python: '3.7'}
-          - {name: PyPy, python: 'pypy-3.10', tox: pypy310}
+          - {name: PyPy, python: 'pypy-3.11', tox: pypy3.11}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@0b93645e9fea7318ecaed2b359559ac225c90a2b # v5.3.0
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@f0ec1fc3b38f5e7cd731bb6ce540c5af426746bb # v6.1.0
+        with:
+          enable-cache: true
+          prune-cache: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
         with:
           python-version: ${{ matrix.python }}
-          allow-prereleases: true
-          cache: pip
-          cache-dependency-path: requirements*/*.txt
-      - run: pip install tox
-      - run: tox run -e ${{ matrix.tox || format('py{0}', matrix.python) }}
+      - run: uv run --locked tox run -e ${{ matrix.tox || format('py{0}', matrix.python) }}
   typing:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@0b93645e9fea7318ecaed2b359559ac225c90a2b # v5.3.0
+      - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@f0ec1fc3b38f5e7cd731bb6ce540c5af426746bb # v6.1.0
         with:
-          python-version: '3.x'
-          cache: pip
-          cache-dependency-path: requirements*/*.txt
+          enable-cache: true
+          prune-cache: false
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@a26af69be951a213d495a4c3e4e4022e16d87065 # v5.6.0
+        with:
+          python-version-file: pyproject.toml
       - name: cache mypy
-        uses: actions/cache@1bd1e32a3bdc45362d1e726936510720a7c30a57 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: ./.mypy_cache
           key: mypy|${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml') }}
-      - run: pip install tox
-      - run: tox run -e typing
+      - run: uv run --locked tox run -e typing

.gitignore

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 .idea/
 .vscode/
-.venv*/
-venv*/
 __pycache__/
 dist/
 .coverage*

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
-ci:
-  autoupdate_schedule: monthly
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.8.4
+    rev: 76e47323a83cd9795e4ff9a1de1c0d2eef610f17  # frozen: v0.11.11
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
       - id: ruff-format
+  - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/uv-pre-commit
+    rev: 648bdbfd6bb1a82f132ecc2c666e0d1b2e4b0d94  # frozen: 0.7.8
+    hooks:
+      - id: uv-lock
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v5.0.0
+    rev: cef0300fd0fc4d2a87a85fa2093c6b283ea36f4b  # frozen: v5.0.0
     hooks:
       - id: check-merge-conflict
       - id: debug-statements

.readthedocs.yaml

@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 version: 2
 build:
-  os: ubuntu-22.04
+  os: ubuntu-24.04
   tools:
-    python: '3.12'
-python:
-  install:
-    - requirements: requirements/docs.txt
-    - method: pip
-      path: .
-sphinx:
-  configuration: docs/conf.py
-  builder: dirhtml
-  fail_on_warning: true
+    python: '3.13'
+  commands:
+    - asdf plugin add uv
+    - asdf install uv latest
+    - asdf global uv latest
+    - uv run --group docs sphinx-build -W -b dirhtml docs $READTHEDOCS_OUTPUT/html

CHANGES.rst

@@ -1,5 +1,20 @@
 .. currentmodule:: jinja2
 
+Version 3.2.0
+-------------
+
+Unreleased
+
+-   Drop support for Python 3.7, 3.8, and 3.9.
+-   Update minimum MarkupSafe version to >= 3.0.
+-   Update minimum Babel version to >= 2.17.
+-   Deprecate the ``__version__`` attribute. Use feature detection or
+    ``importlib.metadata.version("jinja2")`` instead.
+-   Use modern packaging metadata with ``pyproject.toml`` instead of ``setup.cfg``.
+    :pr:`1793`
+-   Use ``flit_core`` instead of ``setuptools`` as build backend.
+
+
 Version 3.1.6
 -------------
 

docs/api.rst

@@ -697,10 +697,10 @@ enabled before escaping the input and marking the output safe.
             br = Markup(br)
 
         result = "\n\n".join(
-            f"<p>{br.join(p.splitlines())}<\p>"
+            f"<p>{br.join(p.splitlines())}</p>"
             for p in re.split(r"(?:\r\n|\r(?!\n)|\n){2,}", value)
         )
-        return Markup(result) if autoescape else result
+        return Markup(result) if eval_ctx.autoescape else result
 
 
 .. _writing-tests:

docs/intro.rst

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Installation
 ------------
 
 We recommend using the latest version of Python. Jinja supports Python
-3.7 and newer. We also recommend using a `virtual environment`_ in order
+3.10 and newer. We also recommend using a `virtual environment`_ in order
 to isolate your project dependencies from other projects and the system.
 
 .. _virtual environment: https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/installing-packages/#creating-virtual-environments

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,36 +1,65 @@
 [project]
 name = "Jinja2"
+version = "3.2.0.dev"
 description = "A very fast and expressive template engine."
 readme = "README.md"
-license = {file = "LICENSE.txt"}
+license = "BSD-3-Clause"
+license-files = ["LICENSE.txt"]
 maintainers = [{name = "Pallets", email = "contact@palletsprojects.com"}]
 classifiers = [
     "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
     "Environment :: Web Environment",
     "Intended Audience :: Developers",
-    "License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License",
     "Operating System :: OS Independent",
     "Programming Language :: Python",
     "Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: Dynamic Content",
     "Topic :: Text Processing :: Markup :: HTML",
     "Typing :: Typed",
 ]
-requires-python = ">=3.7"
-dependencies = ["MarkupSafe>=2.0"]
-dynamic = ["version"]
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
+dependencies = ["MarkupSafe>=3.0"]
 
 [project.urls]
 Donate = "https://palletsprojects.com/donate"
 Documentation = "https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/"
-Changes = "https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/changes/"
+Changes = "https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/page/changes/"
 Source = "https://github.com/pallets/jinja/"
 Chat = "https://discord.gg/pallets"
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]
-i18n = ["Babel>=2.7"]
+i18n = ["Babel>=2.17"]
 
-[project.entry-points."babel.extractors"]
-jinja2 = "jinja2.ext:babel_extract[i18n]"
+[dependency-groups]
+dev = [
+    "ruff",
+    "tox",
+    "tox-uv",
+]
+docs = [
+    "pallets-sphinx-themes",
+    "sphinx",
+    "sphinxcontrib-log-cabinet",
+]
+docs-auto = [
+    "sphinx-autobuild",
+]
+gha-update = [
+    "gha-update ; python_full_version >= '3.12'",
+]
+pre-commit = [
+    "pre-commit",
+    "pre-commit-uv",
+]
+tests = [
+    "pytest",
+    "pytest-timeout",
+    "trio"
+]
+typing = [
+    "mypy",
+    "pyright",
+    "pytest",
+]
 
 [build-system]
 requires = ["flit_core<4"]
@@ -42,15 +71,18 @@ name = "jinja2"
 [tool.flit.sdist]
 include = [
     "docs/",
-    "requirements/",
+    "examples/",
     "tests/",
-    "CHANGES.md",
-    "tox.ini",
+    "CHANGES.rst",
+    "uv.lock"
 ]
 exclude = [
     "docs/_build/",
 ]
 
+[tool.uv]
+default-groups = ["dev", "pre-commit", "tests", "typing"]
+
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 testpaths = ["tests"]
 filterwarnings = [
@@ -64,17 +96,24 @@ source = ["jinja2", "tests"]
 [tool.coverage.paths]
 source = ["src", "*/site-packages"]
 
+[tool.coverage.report]
+exclude_also = [
+    "if t.TYPE_CHECKING",
+    "raise NotImplementedError",
+    ": \\.{3}",
+]
+
 [tool.mypy]
-python_version = "3.8"
-files = ["src/jinja2"]
+python_version = "3.10"
+files = ["src"]
 show_error_codes = true
 pretty = true
 strict = true
 
 [tool.pyright]
-pythonVersion = "3.8"
-include = ["src/jinja2"]
-typeCheckingMode = "basic"
+pythonVersion = "3.10"
+include = ["src"]
+typeCheckingMode = "standard"
 
 [tool.ruff]
 src = ["src"]
@@ -91,6 +130,9 @@ select = [
     "UP",  # pyupgrade
     "W",  # pycodestyle warning
 ]
+ignore = [
+    "UP038",  # keep isinstance tuple
+]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint.isort]
 force-single-line = true
@@ -100,3 +142,70 @@ order-by-type = false
 tag-only = [
     "slsa-framework/slsa-github-generator",
 ]
+
+[tool.tox]
+env_list = [
+    "py3.13", "py3.12", "py3.11", "py3.10",
+    "pypy3.11",
+    "style",
+    "typing",
+    "docs",
+]
+
+[tool.tox.env_run_base]
+description = "pytest on latest dependency versions"
+runner = "uv-venv-lock-runner"
+package = "wheel"
+wheel_build_env = ".pkg"
+constrain_package_deps = true
+use_frozen_constraints = true
+dependency_groups = ["tests"]
+commands = [[
+    "pytest", "-v", "--tb=short", "--basetemp={env_tmp_dir}",
+    {replace = "posargs", default = [], extend = true},
+]]
+
+[tool.tox.env.style]
+description = "run all pre-commit hooks on all files"
+dependency_groups = ["pre-commit"]
+skip_install = true
+commands = [["pre-commit", "run", "--all-files"]]
+
+[tool.tox.env.typing]
+description = "run static type checkers"
+dependency_groups = ["typing"]
+commands = [
+    ["mypy"],
+]
+
+[tool.tox.env.docs]
+description = "build docs"
+dependency_groups = ["docs"]
+commands = [["sphinx-build", "-E", "-W", "-b", "dirhtml", "docs", "docs/_build/dirhtml"]]
+
+[tool.tox.env.docs-auto]
+description = "continuously rebuild docs and start a local server"
+dependency_groups = ["docs", "docs-auto"]
+commands = [["sphinx-autobuild", "-W", "-b", "dirhtml", "--watch", "src", "docs", "docs/_build/dirhtml"]]
+
+[tool.tox.env.update-actions]
+description = "update GitHub Actions pins"
+labels = ["update"]
+dependency_groups = ["gha-update"]
+skip_install = true
+commands = [["gha-update"]]
+
+[tool.tox.env.update-pre_commit]
+description = "update pre-commit pins"
+labels = ["update"]
+dependency_groups = ["pre-commit"]
+skip_install = true
+commands = [["pre-commit", "autoupdate", "--freeze", "-j4"]]
+
+[tool.tox.env.update-requirements]
+description = "update uv lock"
+labels = ["update"]
+dependency_groups = []
+no_default_groups = true
+skip_install = true
+commands = [["uv", "lock", {replace = "posargs", default = ["-U"], extend = true}]]

requirements/build.in

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-build

requirements/build.txt

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.13
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    pip-compile build.in
-#
-build==1.2.2.post1
-    # via -r build.in
-packaging==24.2
-    # via build
-pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
-    # via build

requirements/dev.in

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
--r docs.in
--r tests.in
--r typing.in
-pip-compile-multi
-pre-commit
-tox

requirements/dev.txt

@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.13
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    pip-compile dev.in
-#
-alabaster==1.0.0
-    # via sphinx
-attrs==24.3.0
-    # via
-    #   outcome
-    #   trio
-babel==2.16.0
-    # via sphinx
-build==1.2.2.post1
-    # via pip-tools
-cachetools==5.5.0
-    # via tox
-certifi==2024.12.14
-    # via requests
-cfgv==3.4.0
-    # via pre-commit
-chardet==5.2.0
-    # via tox
-charset-normalizer==3.4.0
-    # via requests
-click==8.1.7
-    # via
-    #   pip-compile-multi
-    #   pip-tools
-colorama==0.4.6
-    # via tox
-distlib==0.3.9
-    # via virtualenv
-docutils==0.21.2
-    # via sphinx
-filelock==3.16.1
-    # via
-    #   tox
-    #   virtualenv
-identify==2.6.3
-    # via pre-commit
-idna==3.10
-    # via
-    #   requests
-    #   trio
-imagesize==1.4.1
-    # via sphinx
-iniconfig==2.0.0
-    # via pytest
-jinja2==3.1.4
-    # via sphinx
-markupsafe==3.0.2
-    # via jinja2
-mypy==1.14.0
-    # via -r /Users/david/Projects/jinja/requirements/typing.in
-mypy-extensions==1.0.0
-    # via mypy
-nodeenv==1.9.1
-    # via pre-commit
-outcome==1.3.0.post0
-    # via trio
-packaging==24.2
-    # via
-    #   build
-    #   pallets-sphinx-themes
-    #   pyproject-api
-    #   pytest
-    #   sphinx
-    #   tox
-pallets-sphinx-themes==2.3.0
-    # via -r /Users/david/Projects/jinja/requirements/docs.in
-pip-compile-multi==2.7.1
-    # via -r dev.in
-pip-tools==7.4.1
-    # via pip-compile-multi
-platformdirs==4.3.6
-    # via
-    #   tox
-    #   virtualenv
-pluggy==1.5.0
-    # via
-    #   pytest
-    #   tox
-pre-commit==4.0.1
-    # via -r dev.in
-pygments==2.18.0
-    # via sphinx
-pyproject-api==1.8.0
-    # via tox
-pyproject-hooks==1.2.0
-    # via
-    #   build
-    #   pip-tools
-pytest==8.3.4
-    # via -r /Users/david/Projects/jinja/requirements/tests.in
-pyyaml==6.0.2
-    # via pre-commit
-requests==2.32.3
-    # via sphinx
-sniffio==1.3.1
-    # via trio
-snowballstemmer==2.2.0
-    # via sphinx
-sortedcontainers==2.4.0
-    # via trio
-sphinx==8.1.3
-    # via
-    #   -r /Users/david/Projects/jinja/requirements/docs.in
-    #   pallets-sphinx-themes
-    #   sphinx-issues
-    #   sphinx-notfound-page
-    #   sphinxcontrib-log-cabinet
-sphinx-issues==5.0.0
-    # via -r /Users/david/Projects/jinja/requirements/docs.in
-sphinx-notfound-page==1.0.4
-    # via pallets-sphinx-themes
-sphinxcontrib-applehelp==2.0.0
-    # via sphinx
-sphinxcontrib-devhelp==2.0.0
-    # via sphinx
-sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp==2.1.0
-    # via sphinx
-sphinxcontrib-jsmath==1.0.1
-    # via sphinx
-sphinxcontrib-log-cabinet==1.0.1
-    # via -r /Users/david/Projects/jinja/requirements/docs.in
-sphinxcontrib-qthelp==2.0.0
-    # via sphinx
-sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml==2.0.0
-    # via sphinx
-toposort==1.10
-    # via pip-compile-multi
-tox==4.23.2
-    # via -r dev.in
-trio==0.27.0
-    # via -r /Users/david/Projects/jinja/requirements/tests.in
-typing-extensions==4.12.2
-    # via mypy
-urllib3==2.2.3
-    # via requests
-virtualenv==20.28.0
-    # via
-    #   pre-commit
-    #   tox
-wheel==0.45.1
-    # via pip-tools
-
-# The following packages are considered to be unsafe in a requirements file:
-# pip
-# setuptools

requirements/docs.in

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-Pallets-Sphinx-Themes
-Sphinx
-sphinx-issues
-sphinxcontrib-log-cabinet

requirements/docs.txt

@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.13
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    pip-compile docs.in
-#
-alabaster==1.0.0
-    # via sphinx
-babel==2.16.0
-    # via sphinx
-certifi==2024.12.14
-    # via requests
-charset-normalizer==3.4.0
-    # via requests
-docutils==0.21.2
-    # via sphinx
-idna==3.10
-    # via requests
-imagesize==1.4.1
-    # via sphinx
-jinja2==3.1.4
-    # via sphinx
-markupsafe==3.0.2
-    # via jinja2
-packaging==24.2
-    # via
-    #   pallets-sphinx-themes
-    #   sphinx
-pallets-sphinx-themes==2.3.0
-    # via -r docs.in
-pygments==2.18.0
-    # via sphinx
-requests==2.32.3
-    # via sphinx
-snowballstemmer==2.2.0
-    # via sphinx
-sphinx==8.1.3
-    # via
-    #   -r docs.in
-    #   pallets-sphinx-themes
-    #   sphinx-issues
-    #   sphinx-notfound-page
-    #   sphinxcontrib-log-cabinet
-sphinx-issues==5.0.0
-    # via -r docs.in
-sphinx-notfound-page==1.0.4
-    # via pallets-sphinx-themes
-sphinxcontrib-applehelp==2.0.0
-    # via sphinx
-sphinxcontrib-devhelp==2.0.0
-    # via sphinx
-sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp==2.1.0
-    # via sphinx
-sphinxcontrib-jsmath==1.0.1
-    # via sphinx
-sphinxcontrib-log-cabinet==1.0.1
-    # via -r docs.in
-sphinxcontrib-qthelp==2.0.0
-    # via sphinx
-sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml==2.0.0
-    # via sphinx
-urllib3==2.2.3
-    # via requests

requirements/tests.in

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-pytest
-trio

requirements/tests.txt

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.13
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    pip-compile tests.in
-#
-attrs==24.3.0
-    # via
-    #   outcome
-    #   trio
-idna==3.10
-    # via trio
-iniconfig==2.0.0
-    # via pytest
-outcome==1.3.0.post0
-    # via trio
-packaging==24.2
-    # via pytest
-pluggy==1.5.0
-    # via pytest
-pytest==8.3.4
-    # via -r tests.in
-sniffio==1.3.1
-    # via trio
-sortedcontainers==2.4.0
-    # via trio
-trio==0.27.0
-    # via -r tests.in

requirements/tests37.txt

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.7
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    pip-compile --output-file=tests37.txt tests.in
-#
-attrs==24.2.0
-    # via
-    #   outcome
-    #   trio
-exceptiongroup==1.2.2
-    # via
-    #   pytest
-    #   trio
-idna==3.10
-    # via trio
-importlib-metadata==6.7.0
-    # via
-    #   attrs
-    #   pluggy
-    #   pytest
-iniconfig==2.0.0
-    # via pytest
-outcome==1.3.0.post0
-    # via trio
-packaging==24.0
-    # via pytest
-pluggy==1.2.0
-    # via pytest
-pytest==7.4.4
-    # via -r tests.in
-sniffio==1.3.1
-    # via trio
-sortedcontainers==2.4.0
-    # via trio
-tomli==2.0.1
-    # via pytest
-trio==0.22.2
-    # via -r tests.in
-typing-extensions==4.7.1
-    # via importlib-metadata
-zipp==3.15.0
-    # via importlib-metadata

requirements/typing.in

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-mypy

requirements/typing.txt

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#
-# This file is autogenerated by pip-compile with Python 3.13
-# by the following command:
-#
-#    pip-compile typing.in
-#
-mypy==1.14.0
-    # via -r typing.in
-mypy-extensions==1.0.0
-    # via mypy
-typing-extensions==4.12.2
-    # via mypy

scripts/generate_identifier_pattern.py

@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ def collapse_ranges(data):
     Source: https://stackoverflow.com/a/4629241/400617
     """
     for _, g in itertools.groupby(enumerate(data), lambda x: ord(x[1]) - x[0]):
-        b = list(g)
-        yield b[0][1], b[-1][1]
+        lb = list(g)
+        yield lb[0][1], lb[-1][1]
 
 
 def build_pattern(ranges):
@@ -54,17 +54,16 @@ def build_pattern(ranges):
 
 
 def main():
-    """Build the regex pattern and write it to
-    ``jinja2/_identifier.py``.
-    """
+    """Build the regex pattern and write it to ``jinja2/_identifier.py``."""
     pattern = build_pattern(collapse_ranges(get_characters()))
     filename = os.path.abspath(
         os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "src", "jinja2", "_identifier.py")
     )
 
     with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf8") as f:
+        f.write("# generated by scripts/generate_identifier_pattern.py")
+        f.write(f"# Python {sys.version_info[0]}.{sys.version_info[1]}\n")
         f.write("import re\n\n")
-        f.write("# generated by scripts/generate_identifier_pattern.py\n")
         f.write("pattern = re.compile(\n")
         f.write(f'    r"[\\w{pattern}]+"  # noqa: B950\n')
         f.write(")\n")

src/jinja2/__init__.py

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@ non-XML syntax that supports inline expressions and an optional
 sandboxed environment.
 """
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing as t
+
 from .bccache import BytecodeCache as BytecodeCache
 from .bccache import FileSystemBytecodeCache as FileSystemBytecodeCache
 from .bccache import MemcachedBytecodeCache as MemcachedBytecodeCache
@@ -35,4 +39,19 @@ from .utils import pass_environment as pass_environment
 from .utils import pass_eval_context as pass_eval_context
 from .utils import select_autoescape as select_autoescape
 
-__version__ = "3.1.6"
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> t.Any:
+    if name == "__version__":
+        import importlib.metadata
+        import warnings
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `__version__` attribute is deprecated and will be removed in"
+            " Jinja 3.3. Use feature detection or"
+            ' `importlib.metadata.version("jinja2")` instead.',
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return importlib.metadata.version("jinja2")
+
+    raise AttributeError(name)

src/jinja2/_identifier.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+# generated by scripts/generate_identifier_pattern.py for Python 3.10
 import re
 
-# generated by scripts/generate_identifier_pattern.py
 pattern = re.compile(
-    r"[\w·̀-ͯ·҃-֑҇-ׇֽֿׁׂׅׄؐ-ًؚ-ٰٟۖ-ۜ۟-۪ۤۧۨ-ܑۭܰ-݊ަ-ް߫-߽߳ࠖ-࠙ࠛ-ࠣࠥ-ࠧࠩ-࡙࠭-࡛࣓-ࣣ࣡-ःऺ-़ा-ॏ॑-ॗॢॣঁ-ঃ়া-ৄেৈো-্ৗৢৣ৾ਁ-ਃ਼ਾ-ੂੇੈੋ-੍ੑੰੱੵઁ-ઃ઼ા-ૅે-ૉો-્ૢૣૺ-૿ଁ-ଃ଼ା-ୄେୈୋ-୍ୖୗୢୣஂா-ூெ-ைொ-்ௗఀ-ఄా-ౄె-ైొ-్ౕౖౢౣಁ-ಃ಼ಾ-ೄೆ-ೈೊ-್ೕೖೢೣഀ-ഃ഻഼ാ-ൄെ-ൈൊ-്ൗൢൣංඃ්ා-ුූෘ-ෟෲෳัิ-ฺ็-๎ັິ-ູົຼ່-ໍ༹༘༙༵༷༾༿ཱ-྄྆྇ྍ-ྗྙ-ྼ࿆ါ-ှၖ-ၙၞ-ၠၢ-ၤၧ-ၭၱ-ၴႂ-ႍႏႚ-ႝ፝-፟ᜒ-᜔ᜲ-᜴ᝒᝓᝲᝳ឴-៓៝᠋-᠍ᢅᢆᢩᤠ-ᤫᤰ-᤻ᨗ-ᨛᩕ-ᩞ᩠-᩿᩼᪰-᪽ᬀ-ᬄ᬴-᭄᭫-᭳ᮀ-ᮂᮡ-ᮭ᯦-᯳ᰤ-᰷᳐-᳔᳒-᳨᳭ᳲ-᳴᳷-᳹᷀-᷹᷻-᷿‿⁀⁔⃐-⃥⃜⃡-⃰℘℮⳯-⵿⳱ⷠ-〪ⷿ-゙゚〯꙯ꙴ-꙽ꚞꚟ꛰꛱ꠂ꠆ꠋꠣ-ꠧꢀꢁꢴ-ꣅ꣠-꣱ꣿꤦ-꤭ꥇ-꥓ꦀ-ꦃ꦳-꧀ꧥꨩ-ꨶꩃꩌꩍꩻ-ꩽꪰꪲ-ꪴꪷꪸꪾ꪿꫁ꫫ-ꫯꫵ꫶ꯣ-ꯪ꯬꯭ﬞ︀-️︠-︯︳︴﹍-﹏＿𐇽𐋠𐍶-𐍺𐨁-𐨃𐨅𐨆𐨌-𐨏𐨸-𐨿𐨺𐫦𐫥𐴤-𐽆𐴧-𐽐𑀀-𑀂𑀸-𑁆𑁿-𑂂𑂰-𑂺𑄀-𑄂𑄧-𑄴𑅅𑅆𑅳𑆀-𑆂𑆳-𑇀𑇉-𑇌𑈬-𑈷𑈾𑋟-𑋪𑌀-𑌃𑌻𑌼𑌾-𑍄𑍇𑍈𑍋-𑍍𑍗𑍢𑍣𑍦-𑍬𑍰-𑍴𑐵-𑑆𑑞𑒰-𑓃𑖯-𑖵𑖸-𑗀𑗜𑗝𑘰-𑙀𑚫-𑚷𑜝-𑜫𑠬-𑠺𑨁-𑨊𑨳-𑨹𑨻-𑨾𑩇𑩑-𑩛𑪊-𑪙𑰯-𑰶𑰸-𑰿𑲒-𑲧𑲩-𑲶𑴱-𑴶𑴺𑴼𑴽𑴿-𑵅𑵇𑶊-𑶎𑶐𑶑𑶓-𑶗𑻳-𑻶𖫰-𖫴𖬰-𖬶𖽑-𖽾𖾏-𖾒𛲝𛲞𝅥-𝅩𝅭-𝅲𝅻-𝆂𝆅-𝆋𝆪-𝆭𝉂-𝉄𝨀-𝨶𝨻-𝩬𝩵𝪄𝪛-𝪟𝪡-𝪯𞀀-𞀆𞀈-𞀘𞀛-𞀡𞀣𞀤𞀦-𞣐𞀪-𞣖𞥄-𞥊󠄀-󠇯]+"  # noqa: B950
+    r"[\w·̀-ͯ·҃-֑҇-ׇֽֿׁׂׅׄؐ-ًؚ-ٰٟۖ-ۜ۟-۪ۤۧۨ-ܑۭܰ-݊ަ-ް߫-߽߳ࠖ-࠙ࠛ-ࠣࠥ-ࠧࠩ-࡙࠭-࡛࣓-ࣣ࣡-ःऺ-़ा-ॏ॑-ॗॢॣঁ-ঃ়া-ৄেৈো-্ৗৢৣ৾ਁ-ਃ਼ਾ-ੂੇੈੋ-੍ੑੰੱੵઁ-ઃ઼ા-ૅે-ૉો-્ૢૣૺ-૿ଁ-ଃ଼ା-ୄେୈୋ-୍୕-ୗୢୣஂா-ூெ-ைொ-்ௗఀ-ఄా-ౄె-ైొ-్ౕౖౢౣಁ-ಃ಼ಾ-ೄೆ-ೈೊ-್ೕೖೢೣഀ-ഃ഻഼ാ-ൄെ-ൈൊ-്ൗൢൣඁ-ඃ්ා-ුූෘ-ෟෲෳัิ-ฺ็-๎ັິ-ຼ່-ໍ༹༘༙༵༷༾༿ཱ-྄྆྇ྍ-ྗྙ-ྼ࿆ါ-ှၖ-ၙၞ-ၠၢ-ၤၧ-ၭၱ-ၴႂ-ႍႏႚ-ႝ፝-፟ᜒ-᜔ᜲ-᜴ᝒᝓᝲᝳ឴-៓៝᠋-᠍ᢅᢆᢩᤠ-ᤫᤰ-᤻ᨗ-ᨛᩕ-ᩞ᩠-᩿᩼᪰-᪽ᪿᫀᬀ-ᬄ᬴-᭄᭫-᭳ᮀ-ᮂᮡ-ᮭ᯦-᯳ᰤ-᰷᳐-᳔᳒-᳨᳭᳴᳷-᳹᷀-᷹᷻-᷿‿⁀⁔⃐-⃥⃜⃡-⃰℘℮⳯-⵿⳱ⷠ-〪ⷿ-゙゚〯꙯ꙴ-꙽ꚞꚟ꛰꛱ꠂ꠆ꠋꠣ-ꠧ꠬ꢀꢁꢴ-ꣅ꣠-꣱ꣿꤦ-꤭ꥇ-꥓ꦀ-ꦃ꦳-꧀ꧥꨩ-ꨶꩃꩌꩍꩻ-ꩽꪰꪲ-ꪴꪷꪸꪾ꪿꫁ꫫ-ꫯꫵ꫶ꯣ-ꯪ꯬꯭ﬞ︀-️︠-︯︳︴﹍-﹏＿𐇽𐋠𐍶-𐍺𐨁-𐨃𐨅𐨆𐨌-𐨏𐨸-𐨿𐨺𐫦𐫥𐴤-𐽆𐴧𐺫𐺬-𐽐𑀀-𑀂𑀸-𑁆𑁿-𑂂𑂰-𑂺𑄀-𑄂𑄧-𑄴𑅅𑅆𑅳𑆀-𑆂𑆳-𑇀𑇉-𑇌𑇎𑇏𑈬-𑈷𑈾𑋟-𑋪𑌀-𑌃𑌻𑌼𑌾-𑍄𑍇𑍈𑍋-𑍍𑍗𑍢𑍣𑍦-𑍬𑍰-𑍴𑐵-𑑆𑑞𑒰-𑓃𑖯-𑖵𑖸-𑗀𑗜𑗝𑘰-𑙀𑚫-𑚷𑜝-𑜫𑠬-𑠺𑤰-𑤵𑤷𑤸𑤻-𑤾𑥀𑥂𑥃𑧑-𑧗𑧚-𑧠𑧤𑨁-𑨊𑨳-𑨹𑨻-𑨾𑩇𑩑-𑩛𑪊-𑪙𑰯-𑰶𑰸-𑰿𑲒-𑲧𑲩-𑲶𑴱-𑴶𑴺𑴼𑴽𑴿-𑵅𑵇𑶊-𑶎𑶐𑶑𑶓-𑶗𑻳-𑻶𖫰-𖫴𖬰-𖬶𖽏𖽑-𖾇𖾏-𖾒𖿤𖿰𖿱𛲝𛲞𝅥-𝅩𝅭-𝅲𝅻-𝆂𝆅-𝆋𝆪-𝆭𝉂-𝉄𝨀-𝨶𝨻-𝩬𝩵𝪄𝪛-𝪟𝪡-𝪯𞀀-𞀆𞀈-𞀘𞀛-𞀡𞀣𞀤𞀦-𞀪𞄰-𞄶𞋬-𞣐𞋯-𞣖𞥄-𞥊󠄀-󠇯]+"  # noqa: B950
 )

src/jinja2/async_utils.py

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class _IteratorToAsyncIterator(t.Generic[V]):
 
 
 def auto_aiter(
-    iterable: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]",
+    iterable: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]",
 ) -> "t.AsyncIterator[V]":
     if hasattr(iterable, "__aiter__"):
         return iterable.__aiter__()
@@ -94,6 +94,6 @@ def auto_aiter(
 
 
 async def auto_to_list(
-    value: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]",
-) -> t.List["V"]:
+    value: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]",
+) -> list["V"]:
     return [x async for x in auto_aiter(value)]

src/jinja2/bccache.py

@@ -27,9 +27,7 @@ if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
     class _MemcachedClient(te.Protocol):
         def get(self, key: str) -> bytes: ...
 
-        def set(
-            self, key: str, value: bytes, timeout: t.Optional[int] = None
-        ) -> None: ...
+        def set(self, key: str, value: bytes, timeout: int | None = None) -> None: ...
 
 
 bc_version = 5
@@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ class Bucket:
 
     def reset(self) -> None:
         """Resets the bucket (unloads the bytecode)."""
-        self.code: t.Optional[CodeType] = None
+        self.code: CodeType | None = None
 
     def load_bytecode(self, f: t.BinaryIO) -> None:
         """Loads bytecode from a file or file like object."""
@@ -149,9 +147,7 @@ class BytecodeCache:
         by a particular environment.
         """
 
-    def get_cache_key(
-        self, name: str, filename: t.Optional[t.Union[str]] = None
-    ) -> str:
+    def get_cache_key(self, name: str, filename: str | None = None) -> str:
         """Returns the unique hash key for this template name."""
         hash = sha1(name.encode("utf-8"))
 
@@ -168,7 +164,7 @@ class BytecodeCache:
         self,
         environment: "Environment",
         name: str,
-        filename: t.Optional[str],
+        filename: str | None,
         source: str,
     ) -> Bucket:
         """Return a cache bucket for the given template.  All arguments are
@@ -204,7 +200,7 @@ class FileSystemBytecodeCache(BytecodeCache):
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, directory: t.Optional[str] = None, pattern: str = "__jinja2_%s.cache"
+        self, directory: str | None = None, pattern: str = "__jinja2_%s.cache"
     ) -> None:
         if directory is None:
             directory = self._get_default_cache_dir()
@@ -377,7 +373,7 @@ class MemcachedBytecodeCache(BytecodeCache):
         self,
         client: "_MemcachedClient",
         prefix: str = "jinja2/bytecode/",
-        timeout: t.Optional[int] = None,
+        timeout: int | None = None,
         ignore_memcache_errors: bool = True,
     ):
         self.client = client

src/jinja2/compiler.py

@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ def _make_unop(
 def generate(
     node: nodes.Template,
     environment: "Environment",
-    name: t.Optional[str],
-    filename: t.Optional[str],
-    stream: t.Optional[t.TextIO] = None,
+    name: str | None,
+    filename: str | None,
+    stream: t.TextIO | None = None,
     defer_init: bool = False,
     optimized: bool = True,
-) -> t.Optional[str]:
+) -> str | None:
     """Generate the python source for a node tree."""
     if not isinstance(node, nodes.Template):
         raise TypeError("Can't compile non template nodes")
@@ -139,9 +139,7 @@ def has_safe_repr(value: t.Any) -> bool:
     return False
 
 
-def find_undeclared(
-    nodes: t.Iterable[nodes.Node], names: t.Iterable[str]
-) -> t.Set[str]:
+def find_undeclared(nodes: t.Iterable[nodes.Node], names: t.Iterable[str]) -> set[str]:
     """Check if the names passed are accessed undeclared.  The return value
     is a set of all the undeclared names from the sequence of names found.
     """
@@ -155,7 +153,7 @@ def find_undeclared(
 
 
 class MacroRef:
-    def __init__(self, node: t.Union[nodes.Macro, nodes.CallBlock]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, node: nodes.Macro | nodes.CallBlock) -> None:
         self.node = node
         self.accesses_caller = False
         self.accesses_kwargs = False
@@ -169,7 +167,7 @@ class Frame:
         self,
         eval_ctx: EvalContext,
         parent: t.Optional["Frame"] = None,
-        level: t.Optional[int] = None,
+        level: int | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.eval_ctx = eval_ctx
 
@@ -187,10 +185,10 @@ class Frame:
             # this for example affects {% filter %} or {% macro %}.  If a frame
             # is buffered this variable points to the name of the list used as
             # buffer.
-            self.buffer: t.Optional[str] = None
+            self.buffer: str | None = None
 
             # the name of the block we're in, otherwise None.
-            self.block: t.Optional[str] = None
+            self.block: str | None = None
 
         else:
             self.symbols = Symbols(parent.symbols, level=level)
@@ -253,8 +251,8 @@ class DependencyFinderVisitor(NodeVisitor):
     """A visitor that collects filter and test calls."""
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.filters: t.Set[str] = set()
-        self.tests: t.Set[str] = set()
+        self.filters: set[str] = set()
+        self.tests: set[str] = set()
 
     def visit_Filter(self, node: nodes.Filter) -> None:
         self.generic_visit(node)
@@ -276,7 +274,7 @@ class UndeclaredNameVisitor(NodeVisitor):
 
     def __init__(self, names: t.Iterable[str]) -> None:
         self.names = set(names)
-        self.undeclared: t.Set[str] = set()
+        self.undeclared: set[str] = set()
 
     def visit_Name(self, node: nodes.Name) -> None:
         if node.ctx == "load" and node.name in self.names:
@@ -301,9 +299,9 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
     def __init__(
         self,
         environment: "Environment",
-        name: t.Optional[str],
-        filename: t.Optional[str],
-        stream: t.Optional[t.TextIO] = None,
+        name: str | None,
+        filename: str | None,
+        stream: t.TextIO | None = None,
         defer_init: bool = False,
         optimized: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
@@ -315,17 +313,17 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
         self.stream = stream
         self.created_block_context = False
         self.defer_init = defer_init
-        self.optimizer: t.Optional[Optimizer] = None
+        self.optimizer: Optimizer | None = None
 
         if optimized:
             self.optimizer = Optimizer(environment)
 
         # aliases for imports
-        self.import_aliases: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.import_aliases: dict[str, str] = {}
 
         # a registry for all blocks.  Because blocks are moved out
         # into the global python scope they are registered here
-        self.blocks: t.Dict[str, nodes.Block] = {}
+        self.blocks: dict[str, nodes.Block] = {}
 
         # the number of extends statements so far
         self.extends_so_far = 0
@@ -339,12 +337,12 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
         self.code_lineno = 1
 
         # registry of all filters and tests (global, not block local)
-        self.tests: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
-        self.filters: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.tests: dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.filters: dict[str, str] = {}
 
         # the debug information
-        self.debug_info: t.List[t.Tuple[int, int]] = []
-        self._write_debug_info: t.Optional[int] = None
+        self.debug_info: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
+        self._write_debug_info: int | None = None
 
         # the number of new lines before the next write()
         self._new_lines = 0
@@ -363,10 +361,10 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
         self._indentation = 0
 
         # Tracks toplevel assignments
-        self._assign_stack: t.List[t.Set[str]] = []
+        self._assign_stack: list[set[str]] = []
 
         # Tracks parameter definition blocks
-        self._param_def_block: t.List[t.Set[str]] = []
+        self._param_def_block: list[set[str]] = []
 
         # Tracks the current context.
         self._context_reference_stack = ["context"]
@@ -419,7 +417,7 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
         """Outdent by step."""
         self._indentation -= step
 
-    def start_write(self, frame: Frame, node: t.Optional[nodes.Node] = None) -> None:
+    def start_write(self, frame: Frame, node: nodes.Node | None = None) -> None:
         """Yield or write into the frame buffer."""
         if frame.buffer is None:
             self.writeline("yield ", node)
@@ -432,7 +430,7 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
             self.write(")")
 
     def simple_write(
-        self, s: str, frame: Frame, node: t.Optional[nodes.Node] = None
+        self, s: str, frame: Frame, node: nodes.Node | None = None
     ) -> None:
         """Simple shortcut for start_write + write + end_write."""
         self.start_write(frame, node)
@@ -464,14 +462,12 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
             self._new_lines = 0
         self.stream.write(x)
 
-    def writeline(
-        self, x: str, node: t.Optional[nodes.Node] = None, extra: int = 0
-    ) -> None:
+    def writeline(self, x: str, node: nodes.Node | None = None, extra: int = 0) -> None:
         """Combination of newline and write."""
         self.newline(node, extra)
         self.write(x)
 
-    def newline(self, node: t.Optional[nodes.Node] = None, extra: int = 0) -> None:
+    def newline(self, node: nodes.Node | None = None, extra: int = 0) -> None:
         """Add one or more newlines before the next write."""
         self._new_lines = max(self._new_lines, 1 + extra)
         if node is not None and node.lineno != self._last_line:
@@ -480,9 +476,9 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
 
     def signature(
         self,
-        node: t.Union[nodes.Call, nodes.Filter, nodes.Test],
+        node: nodes.Call | nodes.Filter | nodes.Test,
         frame: Frame,
-        extra_kwargs: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        extra_kwargs: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Writes a function call to the stream for the current node.
         A leading comma is added automatically.  The extra keyword
@@ -612,8 +608,8 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
         return f"{self.choose_async()}def {name}"
 
     def macro_body(
-        self, node: t.Union[nodes.Macro, nodes.CallBlock], frame: Frame
-    ) -> t.Tuple[Frame, MacroRef]:
+        self, node: nodes.Macro | nodes.CallBlock, frame: Frame
+    ) -> tuple[Frame, MacroRef]:
         """Dump the function def of a macro or call block."""
         frame = frame.inner()
         frame.symbols.analyze_node(node)
@@ -826,9 +822,7 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
 
     # -- Statement Visitors
 
-    def visit_Template(
-        self, node: nodes.Template, frame: t.Optional[Frame] = None
-    ) -> None:
+    def visit_Template(self, node: nodes.Template, frame: Frame | None = None) -> None:
         assert frame is None, "no root frame allowed"
         eval_ctx = EvalContext(self.environment, self.name)
 
@@ -1098,7 +1092,7 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
             self.outdent()
 
     def _import_common(
-        self, node: t.Union[nodes.Import, nodes.FromImport], frame: Frame
+        self, node: nodes.Import | nodes.FromImport, frame: Frame
     ) -> None:
         self.write(f"{self.choose_async('await ')}environment.get_template(")
         self.visit(node.template, frame)
@@ -1371,7 +1365,7 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
         with_frame = frame.inner()
         with_frame.symbols.analyze_node(node)
         self.enter_frame(with_frame)
-        for target, expr in zip(node.targets, node.values):
+        for target, expr in zip(node.targets, node.values, strict=False):
             self.newline()
             self.visit(target, with_frame)
             self.write(" = ")
@@ -1384,8 +1378,8 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
         self.visit(node.node, frame)
 
     class _FinalizeInfo(t.NamedTuple):
-        const: t.Optional[t.Callable[..., str]]
-        src: t.Optional[str]
+        const: t.Callable[..., str] | None
+        src: str | None
 
     @staticmethod
     def _default_finalize(value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
@@ -1395,7 +1389,7 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
         """
         return str(value)
 
-    _finalize: t.Optional[_FinalizeInfo] = None
+    _finalize: _FinalizeInfo | None = None
 
     def _make_finalize(self) -> _FinalizeInfo:
         """Build the finalize function to be used on constants and at
@@ -1413,7 +1407,7 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
         if self._finalize is not None:
             return self._finalize
 
-        finalize: t.Optional[t.Callable[..., t.Any]]
+        finalize: t.Callable[..., t.Any] | None
         finalize = default = self._default_finalize
         src = None
 
@@ -1511,7 +1505,7 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
             self.indent()
 
         finalize = self._make_finalize()
-        body: t.List[t.Union[t.List[t.Any], nodes.Expr]] = []
+        body: list[list[t.Any] | nodes.Expr] = []
 
         # Evaluate constants at compile time if possible. Each item in
         # body will be either a list of static data or a node to be
@@ -1586,7 +1580,7 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
         # it is only valid if it references a Namespace object. Emit a check for
         # that for each ref here, before assignment code is emitted. This can't
         # be done in visit_NSRef as the ref could be in the middle of a tuple.
-        seen_refs: t.Set[str] = set()
+        seen_refs: set[str] = set()
 
         for nsref in node.find_all(nodes.NSRef):
             if nsref.name in seen_refs:
@@ -1793,7 +1787,7 @@ class CodeGenerator(NodeVisitor):
 
     @contextmanager
     def _filter_test_common(
-        self, node: t.Union[nodes.Filter, nodes.Test], frame: Frame, is_filter: bool
+        self, node: nodes.Filter | nodes.Test, frame: Frame, is_filter: bool
     ) -> t.Iterator[None]:
         if self.environment.is_async:
             self.write("(await auto_await(")

src/jinja2/debug.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .runtime import Context
 
 
-def rewrite_traceback_stack(source: t.Optional[str] = None) -> BaseException:
+def rewrite_traceback_stack(source: str | None = None) -> BaseException:
     """Rewrite the current exception to replace any tracebacks from
     within compiled template code with tracebacks that look like they
     came from the template source.
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def rewrite_traceback_stack(source: t.Optional[str] = None) -> BaseException:
 
 
 def fake_traceback(  # type: ignore
-    exc_value: BaseException, tb: t.Optional[TracebackType], filename: str, lineno: int
+    exc_value: BaseException, tb: TracebackType | None, filename: str, lineno: int
 ) -> TracebackType:
     """Produce a new traceback object that looks like it came from the
     template source instead of the compiled code. The filename, line
@@ -118,26 +118,7 @@ def fake_traceback(  # type: ignore
         elif function.startswith("block_"):
             location = f"block {function[6:]!r}"
 
-    if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
-        code = code.replace(co_name=location)
-    else:
-        code = CodeType(
-            code.co_argcount,
-            code.co_kwonlyargcount,
-            code.co_nlocals,
-            code.co_stacksize,
-            code.co_flags,
-            code.co_code,
-            code.co_consts,
-            code.co_names,
-            code.co_varnames,
-            code.co_filename,
-            location,
-            code.co_firstlineno,
-            code.co_lnotab,
-            code.co_freevars,
-            code.co_cellvars,
-        )
+    code = code.replace(co_name=location)
 
     # Execute the new code, which is guaranteed to raise, and return
     # the new traceback without this frame.
@@ -147,15 +128,15 @@ def fake_traceback(  # type: ignore
         return sys.exc_info()[2].tb_next  # type: ignore
 
 
-def get_template_locals(real_locals: t.Mapping[str, t.Any]) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
+def get_template_locals(real_locals: t.Mapping[str, t.Any]) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
     """Based on the runtime locals, get the context that would be
     available at that point in the template.
     """
     # Start with the current template context.
-    ctx: t.Optional[Context] = real_locals.get("context")
+    ctx: Context | None = real_locals.get("context")
 
     if ctx is not None:
-        data: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = ctx.get_all().copy()
+        data: dict[str, t.Any] = ctx.get_all().copy()
     else:
         data = {}
 
@@ -163,7 +144,7 @@ def get_template_locals(real_locals: t.Mapping[str, t.Any]) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any
     # rather than pushing a context. Local variables follow the scheme
     # l_depth_name. Find the highest-depth local that has a value for
     # each name.
-    local_overrides: t.Dict[str, t.Tuple[int, t.Any]] = {}
+    local_overrides: dict[str, tuple[int, t.Any]] = {}
 
     for name, value in real_locals.items():
         if not name.startswith("l_") or value is missing:

src/jinja2/defaults.py

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ VARIABLE_START_STRING = "{{"
 VARIABLE_END_STRING = "}}"
 COMMENT_START_STRING = "{#"
 COMMENT_END_STRING = "#}"
-LINE_STATEMENT_PREFIX: t.Optional[str] = None
-LINE_COMMENT_PREFIX: t.Optional[str] = None
+LINE_STATEMENT_PREFIX: str | None = None
+LINE_COMMENT_PREFIX: str | None = None
 TRIM_BLOCKS = False
 LSTRIP_BLOCKS = False
 NEWLINE_SEQUENCE: "te.Literal['\\n', '\\r\\n', '\\r']" = "\n"
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ DEFAULT_NAMESPACE = {
 }
 
 # default policies
-DEFAULT_POLICIES: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {
+DEFAULT_POLICIES: dict[str, t.Any] = {
     "compiler.ascii_str": True,
     "urlize.rel": "noopener",
     "urlize.target": None,

src/jinja2/environment.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import typing
 import typing as t
 import weakref
 from collections import ChainMap
+from contextlib import aclosing
 from functools import lru_cache
 from functools import partial
 from functools import reduce
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ _env_bound = t.TypeVar("_env_bound", bound="Environment")
 
 # for direct template usage we have up to ten living environments
 @lru_cache(maxsize=10)
-def get_spontaneous_environment(cls: t.Type[_env_bound], *args: t.Any) -> _env_bound:
+def get_spontaneous_environment(cls: type[_env_bound], *args: t.Any) -> _env_bound:
     """Return a new spontaneous environment. A spontaneous environment
     is used for templates created directly rather than through an
     existing environment.
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ def get_spontaneous_environment(cls: t.Type[_env_bound], *args: t.Any) -> _env_b
 
 def create_cache(
     size: int,
-) -> t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[t.Tuple["weakref.ref[t.Any]", str], "Template"]]:
+) -> t.MutableMapping[tuple["weakref.ref[BaseLoader]", str], "Template"] | None:
     """Return the cache class for the given size."""
     if size == 0:
         return None
@@ -93,8 +94,8 @@ def create_cache(
 
 
 def copy_cache(
-    cache: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[t.Any, t.Any]],
-) -> t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[t.Tuple["weakref.ref[t.Any]", str], "Template"]]:
+    cache: t.MutableMapping[tuple["weakref.ref[BaseLoader]", str], "Template"] | None,
+) -> t.MutableMapping[tuple["weakref.ref[BaseLoader]", str], "Template"] | None:
     """Create an empty copy of the given cache."""
     if cache is None:
         return None
@@ -107,8 +108,8 @@ def copy_cache(
 
 def load_extensions(
     environment: "Environment",
-    extensions: t.Sequence[t.Union[str, t.Type["Extension"]]],
-) -> t.Dict[str, "Extension"]:
+    extensions: t.Sequence[str | type["Extension"]],
+) -> dict[str, "Extension"]:
     """Load the extensions from the list and bind it to the environment.
     Returns a dict of instantiated extensions.
     """
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ def load_extensions(
 
     for extension in extensions:
         if isinstance(extension, str):
-            extension = t.cast(t.Type["Extension"], import_string(extension))
+            extension = t.cast(type["Extension"], import_string(extension))
 
         result[extension.identifier] = extension(environment)
 
@@ -125,9 +126,9 @@ def load_extensions(
 
 def _environment_config_check(environment: _env_bound) -> _env_bound:
     """Perform a sanity check on the environment."""
-    assert issubclass(
-        environment.undefined, Undefined
-    ), "'undefined' must be a subclass of 'jinja2.Undefined'."
+    assert issubclass(environment.undefined, Undefined), (
+        "'undefined' must be a subclass of 'jinja2.Undefined'."
+    )
     assert (
         environment.block_start_string
         != environment.variable_start_string
@@ -281,15 +282,15 @@ class Environment:
 
     #: the class that is used for code generation.  See
     #: :class:`~jinja2.compiler.CodeGenerator` for more information.
-    code_generator_class: t.Type["CodeGenerator"] = CodeGenerator
+    code_generator_class: type["CodeGenerator"] = CodeGenerator
 
     concat = "".join
 
     #: the context class that is used for templates.  See
     #: :class:`~jinja2.runtime.Context` for more information.
-    context_class: t.Type[Context] = Context
+    context_class: type[Context] = Context
 
-    template_class: t.Type["Template"]
+    template_class: type["Template"]
 
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -299,17 +300,17 @@ class Environment:
         variable_end_string: str = VARIABLE_END_STRING,
         comment_start_string: str = COMMENT_START_STRING,
         comment_end_string: str = COMMENT_END_STRING,
-        line_statement_prefix: t.Optional[str] = LINE_STATEMENT_PREFIX,
-        line_comment_prefix: t.Optional[str] = LINE_COMMENT_PREFIX,
+        line_statement_prefix: str | None = LINE_STATEMENT_PREFIX,
+        line_comment_prefix: str | None = LINE_COMMENT_PREFIX,
         trim_blocks: bool = TRIM_BLOCKS,
         lstrip_blocks: bool = LSTRIP_BLOCKS,
         newline_sequence: "te.Literal['\\n', '\\r\\n', '\\r']" = NEWLINE_SEQUENCE,
         keep_trailing_newline: bool = KEEP_TRAILING_NEWLINE,
-        extensions: t.Sequence[t.Union[str, t.Type["Extension"]]] = (),
+        extensions: t.Sequence[str | type["Extension"]] = (),
         optimized: bool = True,
-        undefined: t.Type[Undefined] = Undefined,
-        finalize: t.Optional[t.Callable[..., t.Any]] = None,
-        autoescape: t.Union[bool, t.Callable[[t.Optional[str]], bool]] = False,
+        undefined: type[Undefined] = Undefined,
+        finalize: t.Callable[..., t.Any] | None = None,
+        autoescape: bool | t.Callable[[str | None], bool] = False,
         loader: t.Optional["BaseLoader"] = None,
         cache_size: int = 400,
         auto_reload: bool = True,
@@ -342,7 +343,7 @@ class Environment:
         self.keep_trailing_newline = keep_trailing_newline
 
         # runtime information
-        self.undefined: t.Type[Undefined] = undefined
+        self.undefined: type[Undefined] = undefined
         self.optimized = optimized
         self.finalize = finalize
         self.autoescape = autoescape
@@ -367,7 +368,7 @@ class Environment:
         self.is_async = enable_async
         _environment_config_check(self)
 
-    def add_extension(self, extension: t.Union[str, t.Type["Extension"]]) -> None:
+    def add_extension(self, extension: str | type["Extension"]) -> None:
         """Adds an extension after the environment was created.
 
         .. versionadded:: 2.5
@@ -391,17 +392,17 @@ class Environment:
         variable_end_string: str = missing,
         comment_start_string: str = missing,
         comment_end_string: str = missing,
-        line_statement_prefix: t.Optional[str] = missing,
-        line_comment_prefix: t.Optional[str] = missing,
+        line_statement_prefix: str | None = missing,
+        line_comment_prefix: str | None = missing,
         trim_blocks: bool = missing,
         lstrip_blocks: bool = missing,
         newline_sequence: "te.Literal['\\n', '\\r\\n', '\\r']" = missing,
         keep_trailing_newline: bool = missing,
-        extensions: t.Sequence[t.Union[str, t.Type["Extension"]]] = missing,
+        extensions: t.Sequence[str | type["Extension"]] = missing,
         optimized: bool = missing,
-        undefined: t.Type[Undefined] = missing,
-        finalize: t.Optional[t.Callable[..., t.Any]] = missing,
-        autoescape: t.Union[bool, t.Callable[[t.Optional[str]], bool]] = missing,
+        undefined: type[Undefined] = missing,
+        finalize: t.Callable[..., t.Any] | None = missing,
+        autoescape: bool | t.Callable[[str | None], bool] = missing,
         loader: t.Optional["BaseLoader"] = missing,
         cache_size: int = missing,
         auto_reload: bool = missing,
@@ -463,9 +464,7 @@ class Environment:
         """Iterates over the extensions by priority."""
         return iter(sorted(self.extensions.values(), key=lambda x: x.priority))
 
-    def getitem(
-        self, obj: t.Any, argument: t.Union[str, t.Any]
-    ) -> t.Union[t.Any, Undefined]:
+    def getitem(self, obj: t.Any, argument: str | t.Any) -> t.Any | Undefined:
         """Get an item or attribute of an object but prefer the item."""
         try:
             return obj[argument]
@@ -497,12 +496,12 @@ class Environment:
 
     def _filter_test_common(
         self,
-        name: t.Union[str, Undefined],
+        name: str | Undefined,
         value: t.Any,
-        args: t.Optional[t.Sequence[t.Any]],
-        kwargs: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Any]],
-        context: t.Optional[Context],
-        eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext],
+        args: t.Sequence[t.Any] | None,
+        kwargs: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | None,
+        context: Context | None,
+        eval_ctx: EvalContext | None,
         is_filter: bool,
     ) -> t.Any:
         if is_filter:
@@ -553,10 +552,10 @@ class Environment:
         self,
         name: str,
         value: t.Any,
-        args: t.Optional[t.Sequence[t.Any]] = None,
-        kwargs: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
-        context: t.Optional[Context] = None,
-        eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None,
+        args: t.Sequence[t.Any] | None = None,
+        kwargs: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
+        context: Context | None = None,
+        eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None,
     ) -> t.Any:
         """Invoke a filter on a value the same way the compiler does.
 
@@ -574,10 +573,10 @@ class Environment:
         self,
         name: str,
         value: t.Any,
-        args: t.Optional[t.Sequence[t.Any]] = None,
-        kwargs: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
-        context: t.Optional[Context] = None,
-        eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None,
+        args: t.Sequence[t.Any] | None = None,
+        kwargs: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
+        context: Context | None = None,
+        eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None,
     ) -> t.Any:
         """Invoke a test on a value the same way the compiler does.
 
@@ -599,8 +598,8 @@ class Environment:
     def parse(
         self,
         source: str,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
     ) -> nodes.Template:
         """Parse the sourcecode and return the abstract syntax tree.  This
         tree of nodes is used by the compiler to convert the template into
@@ -616,7 +615,7 @@ class Environment:
             self.handle_exception(source=source)
 
     def _parse(
-        self, source: str, name: t.Optional[str], filename: t.Optional[str]
+        self, source: str, name: str | None, filename: str | None
     ) -> nodes.Template:
         """Internal parsing function used by `parse` and `compile`."""
         return Parser(self, source, name, filename).parse()
@@ -624,9 +623,9 @@ class Environment:
     def lex(
         self,
         source: str,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> t.Iterator[t.Tuple[int, str, str]]:
+        name: str | None = None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
+    ) -> t.Iterator[tuple[int, str, str]]:
         """Lex the given sourcecode and return a generator that yields
         tokens as tuples in the form ``(lineno, token_type, value)``.
         This can be useful for :ref:`extension development <writing-extensions>`
@@ -645,8 +644,8 @@ class Environment:
     def preprocess(
         self,
         source: str,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
     ) -> str:
         """Preprocesses the source with all extensions.  This is automatically
         called for all parsing and compiling methods but *not* for :meth:`lex`
@@ -661,9 +660,9 @@ class Environment:
     def _tokenize(
         self,
         source: str,
-        name: t.Optional[str],
-        filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        state: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
+        state: str | None = None,
     ) -> TokenStream:
         """Called by the parser to do the preprocessing and filtering
         for all the extensions.  Returns a :class:`~jinja2.lexer.TokenStream`.
@@ -682,8 +681,8 @@ class Environment:
     def _generate(
         self,
         source: nodes.Template,
-        name: t.Optional[str],
-        filename: t.Optional[str],
+        name: str | None,
+        filename: str | None,
         defer_init: bool = False,
     ) -> str:
         """Internal hook that can be overridden to hook a different generate
@@ -711,9 +710,9 @@ class Environment:
     @typing.overload
     def compile(
         self,
-        source: t.Union[str, nodes.Template],
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        source: str | nodes.Template,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
         raw: "te.Literal[False]" = False,
         defer_init: bool = False,
     ) -> CodeType: ...
@@ -721,9 +720,9 @@ class Environment:
     @typing.overload
     def compile(
         self,
-        source: t.Union[str, nodes.Template],
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        source: str | nodes.Template,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
         raw: "te.Literal[True]" = ...,
         defer_init: bool = False,
     ) -> str: ...
@@ -731,12 +730,12 @@ class Environment:
     @internalcode
     def compile(
         self,
-        source: t.Union[str, nodes.Template],
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        source: str | nodes.Template,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
         raw: bool = False,
         defer_init: bool = False,
-    ) -> t.Union[str, CodeType]:
+    ) -> str | CodeType:
         """Compile a node or template source code.  The `name` parameter is
         the load name of the template after it was joined using
         :meth:`join_path` if necessary, not the filename on the file system.
@@ -818,10 +817,10 @@ class Environment:
     def compile_templates(
         self,
         target: t.Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"],
-        extensions: t.Optional[t.Collection[str]] = None,
-        filter_func: t.Optional[t.Callable[[str], bool]] = None,
-        zip: t.Optional[str] = "deflated",
-        log_function: t.Optional[t.Callable[[str], None]] = None,
+        extensions: t.Collection[str] | None = None,
+        filter_func: t.Callable[[str], bool] | None = None,
+        zip: str | None = "deflated",
+        log_function: t.Callable[[str], None] | None = None,
         ignore_errors: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
         """Finds all the templates the loader can find, compiles them
@@ -898,9 +897,9 @@ class Environment:
 
     def list_templates(
         self,
-        extensions: t.Optional[t.Collection[str]] = None,
-        filter_func: t.Optional[t.Callable[[str], bool]] = None,
-    ) -> t.List[str]:
+        extensions: t.Collection[str] | None = None,
+        filter_func: t.Callable[[str], bool] | None = None,
+    ) -> list[str]:
         """Returns a list of templates for this environment.  This requires
         that the loader supports the loader's
         :meth:`~BaseLoader.list_templates` method.
@@ -933,7 +932,7 @@ class Environment:
 
         return names
 
-    def handle_exception(self, source: t.Optional[str] = None) -> "te.NoReturn":
+    def handle_exception(self, source: str | None = None) -> "te.NoReturn":
         """Exception handling helper.  This is used internally to either raise
         rewritten exceptions or return a rendered traceback for the template.
         """
@@ -955,7 +954,7 @@ class Environment:
 
     @internalcode
     def _load_template(
-        self, name: str, globals: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]]
+        self, name: str, globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None
     ) -> "Template":
         if self.loader is None:
             raise TypeError("no loader for this environment specified")
@@ -982,8 +981,8 @@ class Environment:
     def get_template(
         self,
         name: t.Union[str, "Template"],
-        parent: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        globals: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        parent: str | None = None,
+        globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ) -> "Template":
         """Load a template by name with :attr:`loader` and return a
         :class:`Template`. If the template does not exist a
@@ -1019,8 +1018,8 @@ class Environment:
     def select_template(
         self,
         names: t.Iterable[t.Union[str, "Template"]],
-        parent: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        globals: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        parent: str | None = None,
+        globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ) -> "Template":
         """Like :meth:`get_template`, but tries loading multiple names.
         If none of the names can be loaded a :exc:`TemplatesNotFound`
@@ -1072,11 +1071,9 @@ class Environment:
     @internalcode
     def get_or_select_template(
         self,
-        template_name_or_list: t.Union[
-            str, "Template", t.List[t.Union[str, "Template"]]
-        ],
-        parent: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        globals: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        template_name_or_list: t.Union[str, "Template", list[t.Union[str, "Template"]]],
+        parent: str | None = None,
+        globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ) -> "Template":
         """Use :meth:`select_template` if an iterable of template names
         is given, or :meth:`get_template` if one name is given.
@@ -1091,9 +1088,9 @@ class Environment:
 
     def from_string(
         self,
-        source: t.Union[str, nodes.Template],
-        globals: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
-        template_class: t.Optional[t.Type["Template"]] = None,
+        source: str | nodes.Template,
+        globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
+        template_class: type["Template"] | None = None,
     ) -> "Template":
         """Load a template from a source string without using
         :attr:`loader`.
@@ -1111,7 +1108,7 @@ class Environment:
         return cls.from_code(self, self.compile(source), gs, None)
 
     def make_globals(
-        self, d: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]]
+        self, d: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None
     ) -> t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]:
         """Make the globals map for a template. Any given template
         globals overlay the environment :attr:`globals`.
@@ -1152,38 +1149,38 @@ class Template:
 
     #: Type of environment to create when creating a template directly
     #: rather than through an existing environment.
-    environment_class: t.Type[Environment] = Environment
+    environment_class: type[Environment] = Environment
 
     environment: Environment
     globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]
-    name: t.Optional[str]
-    filename: t.Optional[str]
-    blocks: t.Dict[str, t.Callable[[Context], t.Iterator[str]]]
+    name: str | None
+    filename: str | None
+    blocks: dict[str, t.Callable[[Context], t.Iterator[str]]]
     root_render_func: t.Callable[[Context], t.Iterator[str]]
     _module: t.Optional["TemplateModule"]
     _debug_info: str
-    _uptodate: t.Optional[t.Callable[[], bool]]
+    _uptodate: t.Callable[[], bool] | None
 
     def __new__(
         cls,
-        source: t.Union[str, nodes.Template],
+        source: str | nodes.Template,
         block_start_string: str = BLOCK_START_STRING,
         block_end_string: str = BLOCK_END_STRING,
         variable_start_string: str = VARIABLE_START_STRING,
         variable_end_string: str = VARIABLE_END_STRING,
         comment_start_string: str = COMMENT_START_STRING,
         comment_end_string: str = COMMENT_END_STRING,
-        line_statement_prefix: t.Optional[str] = LINE_STATEMENT_PREFIX,
-        line_comment_prefix: t.Optional[str] = LINE_COMMENT_PREFIX,
+        line_statement_prefix: str | None = LINE_STATEMENT_PREFIX,
+        line_comment_prefix: str | None = LINE_COMMENT_PREFIX,
         trim_blocks: bool = TRIM_BLOCKS,
         lstrip_blocks: bool = LSTRIP_BLOCKS,
         newline_sequence: "te.Literal['\\n', '\\r\\n', '\\r']" = NEWLINE_SEQUENCE,
         keep_trailing_newline: bool = KEEP_TRAILING_NEWLINE,
-        extensions: t.Sequence[t.Union[str, t.Type["Extension"]]] = (),
+        extensions: t.Sequence[str | type["Extension"]] = (),
         optimized: bool = True,
-        undefined: t.Type[Undefined] = Undefined,
-        finalize: t.Optional[t.Callable[..., t.Any]] = None,
-        autoescape: t.Union[bool, t.Callable[[t.Optional[str]], bool]] = False,
+        undefined: type[Undefined] = Undefined,
+        finalize: t.Callable[..., t.Any] | None = None,
+        autoescape: bool | t.Callable[[str | None], bool] = False,
         enable_async: bool = False,
     ) -> t.Any:  # it returns a `Template`, but this breaks the sphinx build...
         env = get_spontaneous_environment(
@@ -1219,7 +1216,7 @@ class Template:
         environment: Environment,
         code: CodeType,
         globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any],
-        uptodate: t.Optional[t.Callable[[], bool]] = None,
+        uptodate: t.Callable[[], bool] | None = None,
     ) -> "Template":
         """Creates a template object from compiled code and the globals.  This
         is used by the loaders and environment to create a template object.
@@ -1334,7 +1331,7 @@ class Template:
         if self.environment.is_async:
             import asyncio
 
-            async def to_list() -> t.List[str]:
+            async def to_list() -> list[str]:
                 return [x async for x in self.generate_async(*args, **kwargs)]
 
             yield from asyncio.run(to_list())
@@ -1361,22 +1358,19 @@ class Template:
         ctx = self.new_context(dict(*args, **kwargs))
 
         try:
-            agen = self.root_render_func(ctx)
-            try:
-                async for event in agen:  # type: ignore
+            agen: t.AsyncGenerator[str, None] = self.root_render_func(ctx)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+            async with aclosing(agen):
+                async for event in agen:
                     yield event
-            finally:
-                # we can't use async with aclosing(...) because that's only
-                # in 3.10+
-                await agen.aclose()  # type: ignore
         except Exception:
             yield self.environment.handle_exception()
 
     def new_context(
         self,
-        vars: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        vars: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
         shared: bool = False,
-        locals: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        locals: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ) -> Context:
         """Create a new :class:`Context` for this template.  The vars
         provided will be passed to the template.  Per default the globals
@@ -1391,9 +1385,9 @@ class Template:
 
     def make_module(
         self,
-        vars: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        vars: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
         shared: bool = False,
-        locals: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        locals: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ) -> "TemplateModule":
         """This method works like the :attr:`module` attribute when called
         without arguments but it will evaluate the template on every call
@@ -1406,9 +1400,9 @@ class Template:
 
     async def make_module_async(
         self,
-        vars: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        vars: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
         shared: bool = False,
-        locals: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        locals: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ) -> "TemplateModule":
         """As template module creation can invoke template code for
         asynchronous executions this method must be used instead of the
@@ -1423,7 +1417,7 @@ class Template:
         )
 
     @internalcode
-    def _get_default_module(self, ctx: t.Optional[Context] = None) -> "TemplateModule":
+    def _get_default_module(self, ctx: Context | None = None) -> "TemplateModule":
         """If a context is passed in, this means that the template was
         imported. Imported templates have access to the current
         template's globals by default, but they can only be accessed via
@@ -1450,7 +1444,7 @@ class Template:
         return self._module
 
     async def _get_default_module_async(
-        self, ctx: t.Optional[Context] = None
+        self, ctx: Context | None = None
     ) -> "TemplateModule":
         if ctx is not None:
             keys = ctx.globals_keys - self.globals.keys()
@@ -1496,7 +1490,7 @@ class Template:
         return self._uptodate()
 
     @property
-    def debug_info(self) -> t.List[t.Tuple[int, int]]:
+    def debug_info(self) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
         """The debug info mapping."""
         if self._debug_info:
             return [
@@ -1524,7 +1518,7 @@ class TemplateModule:
         self,
         template: Template,
         context: Context,
-        body_stream: t.Optional[t.Iterable[str]] = None,
+        body_stream: t.Iterable[str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if body_stream is None:
             if context.environment.is_async:
@@ -1564,7 +1558,7 @@ class TemplateExpression:
         self._template = template
         self._undefined_to_none = undefined_to_none
 
-    def __call__(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Optional[t.Any]:
+    def __call__(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any | None:
         context = self._template.new_context(dict(*args, **kwargs))
         consume(self._template.root_render_func(context))
         rv = context.vars["result"]
@@ -1590,9 +1584,9 @@ class TemplateStream:
 
     def dump(
         self,
-        fp: t.Union[str, t.IO[bytes]],
-        encoding: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        errors: t.Optional[str] = "strict",
+        fp: str | t.IO[bytes],
+        encoding: str | None = None,
+        errors: str | None = "strict",
     ) -> None:
         """Dump the complete stream into a file or file-like object.
         Per default strings are written, if you want to encode
@@ -1634,7 +1628,7 @@ class TemplateStream:
         self.buffered = False
 
     def _buffered_generator(self, size: int) -> t.Iterator[str]:
-        buf: t.List[str] = []
+        buf: list[str] = []
         c_size = 0
         push = buf.append
 

src/jinja2/exceptions.py

@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
 class TemplateError(Exception):
     """Baseclass for all template errors."""
 
-    def __init__(self, message: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, message: str | None = None) -> None:
         super().__init__(message)
 
     @property
-    def message(self) -> t.Optional[str]:
+    def message(self) -> str | None:
         return self.args[0] if self.args else None
 
 
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ class TemplateNotFound(IOError, LookupError, TemplateError):
 
     # Silence the Python warning about message being deprecated since
     # it's not valid here.
-    message: t.Optional[str] = None
+    message: str | None = None
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        name: t.Optional[t.Union[str, "Undefined"]],
-        message: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        name: t.Union[str, "Undefined"] | None,
+        message: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         IOError.__init__(self, name)
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class TemplatesNotFound(TemplateNotFound):
     def __init__(
         self,
         names: t.Sequence[t.Union[str, "Undefined"]] = (),
-        message: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        message: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if message is None:
             from .runtime import Undefined
@@ -92,14 +92,14 @@ class TemplateSyntaxError(TemplateError):
         self,
         message: str,
         lineno: int,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(message)
         self.lineno = lineno
         self.name = name
         self.filename = filename
-        self.source: t.Optional[str] = None
+        self.source: str | None = None
 
         # this is set to True if the debug.translate_syntax_error
         # function translated the syntax error into a new traceback

src/jinja2/ext.py

@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@ if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
             self, context: str, singular: str, plural: str, n: int
         ) -> str: ...
 
-    _SupportedTranslations = t.Union[_TranslationsBasic, _TranslationsContext]
+    _SupportedTranslations = _TranslationsBasic | _TranslationsContext
 
 
 # I18N functions available in Jinja templates. If the I18N library
 # provides ugettext, it will be assigned to gettext.
-GETTEXT_FUNCTIONS: t.Tuple[str, ...] = (
+GETTEXT_FUNCTIONS: tuple[str, ...] = (
     "_",
     "gettext",
     "ngettext",
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class Extension:
         cls.identifier = f"{cls.__module__}.{cls.__name__}"
 
     #: if this extension parses this is the list of tags it's listening to.
-    tags: t.Set[str] = set()
+    tags: set[str] = set()
 
     #: the priority of that extension.  This is especially useful for
     #: extensions that preprocess values.  A lower value means higher
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class Extension:
         return rv
 
     def preprocess(
-        self, source: str, name: t.Optional[str], filename: t.Optional[str] = None
+        self, source: str, name: str | None, filename: str | None = None
     ) -> str:
         """This method is called before the actual lexing and can be used to
         preprocess the source.  The `filename` is optional.  The return value
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class Extension:
         """
         return stream
 
-    def parse(self, parser: "Parser") -> t.Union[nodes.Node, t.List[nodes.Node]]:
+    def parse(self, parser: "Parser") -> nodes.Node | list[nodes.Node]:
         """If any of the :attr:`tags` matched this method is called with the
         parser as first argument.  The token the parser stream is pointing at
         is the name token that matched.  This method has to return one or a
@@ -123,9 +123,7 @@ class Extension:
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def attr(
-        self, name: str, lineno: t.Optional[int] = None
-    ) -> nodes.ExtensionAttribute:
+    def attr(self, name: str, lineno: int | None = None) -> nodes.ExtensionAttribute:
         """Return an attribute node for the current extension.  This is useful
         to pass constants on extensions to generated template code.
 
@@ -138,11 +136,11 @@ class Extension:
     def call_method(
         self,
         name: str,
-        args: t.Optional[t.List[nodes.Expr]] = None,
-        kwargs: t.Optional[t.List[nodes.Keyword]] = None,
-        dyn_args: t.Optional[nodes.Expr] = None,
-        dyn_kwargs: t.Optional[nodes.Expr] = None,
-        lineno: t.Optional[int] = None,
+        args: list[nodes.Expr] | None = None,
+        kwargs: list[nodes.Keyword] | None = None,
+        dyn_args: nodes.Expr | None = None,
+        dyn_kwargs: nodes.Expr | None = None,
+        lineno: int | None = None,
     ) -> nodes.Call:
         """Call a method of the extension.  This is a shortcut for
         :meth:`attr` + :class:`jinja2.nodes.Call`.
@@ -164,7 +162,7 @@ class Extension:
 @pass_context
 def _gettext_alias(
     __context: Context, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
-) -> t.Union[t.Any, Undefined]:
+) -> t.Any | Undefined:
     return __context.call(__context.resolve("gettext"), *args, **kwargs)
 
 
@@ -268,7 +266,7 @@ class InternationalizationExtension(Extension):
         )
 
     def _install(
-        self, translations: "_SupportedTranslations", newstyle: t.Optional[bool] = None
+        self, translations: "_SupportedTranslations", newstyle: bool | None = None
     ) -> None:
         # ugettext and ungettext are preferred in case the I18N library
         # is providing compatibility with older Python versions.
@@ -285,41 +283,25 @@ class InternationalizationExtension(Extension):
             gettext, ngettext, newstyle=newstyle, pgettext=pgettext, npgettext=npgettext
         )
 
-    def _install_null(self, newstyle: t.Optional[bool] = None) -> None:
+    def _install_null(self, newstyle: bool | None = None) -> None:
         import gettext
 
         translations = gettext.NullTranslations()
-
-        if hasattr(translations, "pgettext"):
-            # Python < 3.8
-            pgettext = translations.pgettext
-        else:
-
-            def pgettext(c: str, s: str) -> str:  # type: ignore[misc]
-                return s
-
-        if hasattr(translations, "npgettext"):
-            npgettext = translations.npgettext
-        else:
-
-            def npgettext(c: str, s: str, p: str, n: int) -> str:  # type: ignore[misc]
-                return s if n == 1 else p
-
         self._install_callables(
             gettext=translations.gettext,
             ngettext=translations.ngettext,
             newstyle=newstyle,
-            pgettext=pgettext,
-            npgettext=npgettext,
+            pgettext=translations.pgettext,
+            npgettext=translations.npgettext,
         )
 
     def _install_callables(
         self,
         gettext: t.Callable[[str], str],
         ngettext: t.Callable[[str, str, int], str],
-        newstyle: t.Optional[bool] = None,
-        pgettext: t.Optional[t.Callable[[str, str], str]] = None,
-        npgettext: t.Optional[t.Callable[[str, str, str, int], str]] = None,
+        newstyle: bool | None = None,
+        pgettext: t.Callable[[str, str], str] | None = None,
+        npgettext: t.Callable[[str, str, str, int], str] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if newstyle is not None:
             self.environment.newstyle_gettext = newstyle  # type: ignore
@@ -343,16 +325,14 @@ class InternationalizationExtension(Extension):
 
     def _extract(
         self,
-        source: t.Union[str, nodes.Template],
+        source: str | nodes.Template,
         gettext_functions: t.Sequence[str] = GETTEXT_FUNCTIONS,
-    ) -> t.Iterator[
-        t.Tuple[int, str, t.Union[t.Optional[str], t.Tuple[t.Optional[str], ...]]]
-    ]:
+    ) -> t.Iterator[tuple[int, str, str | None | tuple[str | None, ...]]]:
         if isinstance(source, str):
             source = self.environment.parse(source)
         return extract_from_ast(source, gettext_functions)
 
-    def parse(self, parser: "Parser") -> t.Union[nodes.Node, t.List[nodes.Node]]:
+    def parse(self, parser: "Parser") -> nodes.Node | list[nodes.Node]:
         """Parse a translatable tag."""
         lineno = next(parser.stream).lineno
 
@@ -365,10 +345,10 @@ class InternationalizationExtension(Extension):
         # find all the variables referenced.  Additionally a variable can be
         # defined in the body of the trans block too, but this is checked at
         # a later state.
-        plural_expr: t.Optional[nodes.Expr] = None
-        plural_expr_assignment: t.Optional[nodes.Assign] = None
+        plural_expr: nodes.Expr | None = None
+        plural_expr_assignment: nodes.Assign | None = None
         num_called_num = False
-        variables: t.Dict[str, nodes.Expr] = {}
+        variables: dict[str, nodes.Expr] = {}
         trimmed = None
         while parser.stream.current.type != "block_end":
             if variables:
@@ -479,7 +459,7 @@ class InternationalizationExtension(Extension):
 
     def _parse_block(
         self, parser: "Parser", allow_pluralize: bool
-    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[str], str]:
+    ) -> tuple[list[str], str]:
         """Parse until the next block tag with a given name."""
         referenced = []
         buf = []
@@ -527,10 +507,10 @@ class InternationalizationExtension(Extension):
     def _make_node(
         self,
         singular: str,
-        plural: t.Optional[str],
-        context: t.Optional[str],
-        variables: t.Dict[str, nodes.Expr],
-        plural_expr: t.Optional[nodes.Expr],
+        plural: str | None,
+        context: str | None,
+        variables: dict[str, nodes.Expr],
+        plural_expr: nodes.Expr | None,
         vars_referenced: bool,
         num_called_num: bool,
     ) -> nodes.Output:
@@ -546,7 +526,7 @@ class InternationalizationExtension(Extension):
                 plural = plural.replace("%%", "%")
 
         func_name = "gettext"
-        func_args: t.List[nodes.Expr] = [nodes.Const(singular)]
+        func_args: list[nodes.Expr] = [nodes.Const(singular)]
 
         if context is not None:
             func_args.insert(0, nodes.Const(context))
@@ -605,7 +585,7 @@ class LoopControlExtension(Extension):
 
     tags = {"break", "continue"}
 
-    def parse(self, parser: "Parser") -> t.Union[nodes.Break, nodes.Continue]:
+    def parse(self, parser: "Parser") -> nodes.Break | nodes.Continue:
         token = next(parser.stream)
         if token.value == "break":
             return nodes.Break(lineno=token.lineno)
@@ -656,9 +636,7 @@ def extract_from_ast(
     ast: nodes.Template,
     gettext_functions: t.Sequence[str] = GETTEXT_FUNCTIONS,
     babel_style: bool = True,
-) -> t.Iterator[
-    t.Tuple[int, str, t.Union[t.Optional[str], t.Tuple[t.Optional[str], ...]]]
-]:
+) -> t.Iterator[tuple[int, str, str | None | tuple[str | None, ...]]]:
     """Extract localizable strings from the given template node.  Per
     default this function returns matches in babel style that means non string
     parameters as well as keyword arguments are returned as `None`.  This
@@ -693,7 +671,7 @@ def extract_from_ast(
     to extract any comments.  For comment support you have to use the babel
     extraction interface or extract comments yourself.
     """
-    out: t.Union[t.Optional[str], t.Tuple[t.Optional[str], ...]]
+    out: str | None | tuple[str | None, ...]
 
     for node in ast.find_all(nodes.Call):
         if (
@@ -702,7 +680,7 @@ def extract_from_ast(
         ):
             continue
 
-        strings: t.List[t.Optional[str]] = []
+        strings: list[str | None] = []
 
         for arg in node.args:
             if isinstance(arg, nodes.Const) and isinstance(arg.value, str):
@@ -739,14 +717,14 @@ class _CommentFinder:
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, tokens: t.Sequence[t.Tuple[int, str, str]], comment_tags: t.Sequence[str]
+        self, tokens: t.Sequence[tuple[int, str, str]], comment_tags: t.Sequence[str]
     ) -> None:
         self.tokens = tokens
         self.comment_tags = comment_tags
         self.offset = 0
         self.last_lineno = 0
 
-    def find_backwards(self, offset: int) -> t.List[str]:
+    def find_backwards(self, offset: int) -> list[str]:
         try:
             for _, token_type, token_value in reversed(
                 self.tokens[self.offset : offset]
@@ -762,7 +740,7 @@ class _CommentFinder:
         finally:
             self.offset = offset
 
-    def find_comments(self, lineno: int) -> t.List[str]:
+    def find_comments(self, lineno: int) -> list[str]:
         if not self.comment_tags or self.last_lineno > lineno:
             return []
         for idx, (token_lineno, _, _) in enumerate(self.tokens[self.offset :]):
@@ -775,12 +753,8 @@ def babel_extract(
     fileobj: t.BinaryIO,
     keywords: t.Sequence[str],
     comment_tags: t.Sequence[str],
-    options: t.Dict[str, t.Any],
-) -> t.Iterator[
-    t.Tuple[
-        int, str, t.Union[t.Optional[str], t.Tuple[t.Optional[str], ...]], t.List[str]
-    ]
-]:
+    options: dict[str, t.Any],
+) -> t.Iterator[tuple[int, str, str | None | tuple[str | None, ...], list[str]]]:
     """Babel extraction method for Jinja templates.
 
     .. versionchanged:: 2.3
@@ -808,7 +782,7 @@ def babel_extract(
     :return: an iterator over ``(lineno, funcname, message, comments)`` tuples.
              (comments will be empty currently)
     """
-    extensions: t.Dict[t.Type[Extension], None] = {}
+    extensions: dict[type[Extension], None] = {}
 
     for extension_name in options.get("extensions", "").split(","):
         extension_name = extension_name.strip()

src/jinja2/filters.py

@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ def ignore_case(value: V) -> V:
 
 def make_attrgetter(
     environment: "Environment",
-    attribute: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]],
-    postprocess: t.Optional[t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any]] = None,
-    default: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
+    attribute: str | int | None,
+    postprocess: t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any] | None = None,
+    default: t.Any | None = None,
 ) -> t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any]:
     """Returns a callable that looks up the given attribute from a
     passed object with the rules of the environment.  Dots are allowed
@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ def make_attrgetter(
 
 def make_multi_attrgetter(
     environment: "Environment",
-    attribute: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]],
-    postprocess: t.Optional[t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any]] = None,
-) -> t.Callable[[t.Any], t.List[t.Any]]:
+    attribute: str | int | None,
+    postprocess: t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any] | None = None,
+) -> t.Callable[[t.Any], list[t.Any]]:
     """Returns a callable that looks up the given comma separated
     attributes from a passed object with the rules of the environment.
     Dots are allowed to access attributes of each attribute.  Integer
@@ -99,13 +99,13 @@ def make_multi_attrgetter(
     Examples of attribute: "attr1,attr2", "attr1.inner1.0,attr2.inner2.0", etc.
     """
     if isinstance(attribute, str):
-        split: t.Sequence[t.Union[str, int, None]] = attribute.split(",")
+        split: t.Sequence[str | int | None] = attribute.split(",")
     else:
         split = [attribute]
 
     parts = [_prepare_attribute_parts(item) for item in split]
 
-    def attrgetter(item: t.Any) -> t.List[t.Any]:
+    def attrgetter(item: t.Any) -> list[t.Any]:
         items = [None] * len(parts)
 
         for i, attribute_part in enumerate(parts):
@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ def make_multi_attrgetter(
 
 
 def _prepare_attribute_parts(
-    attr: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]],
-) -> t.List[t.Union[str, int]]:
+    attr: str | int | None,
+) -> list[str | int]:
     if attr is None:
         return []
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ def _prepare_attribute_parts(
     return [attr]
 
 
-def do_forceescape(value: "t.Union[str, HasHTML]") -> Markup:
+def do_forceescape(value: "str | HasHTML") -> Markup:
     """Enforce HTML escaping.  This will probably double escape variables."""
     if hasattr(value, "__html__"):
         value = t.cast("HasHTML", value).__html__()
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ def do_forceescape(value: "t.Union[str, HasHTML]") -> Markup:
 
 
 def do_urlencode(
-    value: t.Union[str, t.Mapping[str, t.Any], t.Iterable[t.Tuple[str, t.Any]]],
+    value: str | t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | t.Iterable[tuple[str, t.Any]],
 ) -> str:
     """Quote data for use in a URL path or query using UTF-8.
 
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ def do_urlencode(
         return url_quote(value)
 
     if isinstance(value, dict):
-        items: t.Iterable[t.Tuple[str, t.Any]] = value.items()
+        items: t.Iterable[tuple[str, t.Any]] = value.items()
     else:
         items = value  # type: ignore
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ def do_urlencode(
 
 @pass_eval_context
 def do_replace(
-    eval_ctx: "EvalContext", s: str, old: str, new: str, count: t.Optional[int] = None
+    eval_ctx: "EvalContext", s: str, old: str, new: str, count: int | None = None
 ) -> str:
     """Return a copy of the value with all occurrences of a substring
     replaced with a new one. The first argument is the substring
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ def do_lower(s: str) -> str:
     return soft_str(s).lower()
 
 
-def do_items(value: t.Union[t.Mapping[K, V], Undefined]) -> t.Iterator[t.Tuple[K, V]]:
+def do_items(value: t.Mapping[K, V] | Undefined) -> t.Iterator[tuple[K, V]]:
     """Return an iterator over the ``(key, value)`` items of a mapping.
 
     ``x|items`` is the same as ``x.items()``, except if ``x`` is
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ def do_dictsort(
     case_sensitive: bool = False,
     by: 'te.Literal["key", "value"]' = "key",
     reverse: bool = False,
-) -> t.List[t.Tuple[K, V]]:
+) -> list[tuple[K, V]]:
     """Sort a dict and yield (key, value) pairs. Python dicts may not
     be in the order you want to display them in, so sort them first.
 
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ def do_dictsort(
     else:
         raise FilterArgumentError('You can only sort by either "key" or "value"')
 
-    def sort_func(item: t.Tuple[t.Any, t.Any]) -> t.Any:
+    def sort_func(item: tuple[t.Any, t.Any]) -> t.Any:
         value = item[pos]
 
         if not case_sensitive:
@@ -388,8 +388,8 @@ def do_sort(
     value: "t.Iterable[V]",
     reverse: bool = False,
     case_sensitive: bool = False,
-    attribute: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]] = None,
-) -> "t.List[V]":
+    attribute: str | int | None = None,
+) -> "list[V]":
     """Sort an iterable using Python's :func:`sorted`.
 
     .. sourcecode:: jinja
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ def sync_do_unique(
     environment: "Environment",
     value: "t.Iterable[V]",
     case_sensitive: bool = False,
-    attribute: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]] = None,
+    attribute: str | int | None = None,
 ) -> "t.Iterator[V]":
     """Returns a list of unique items from the given iterable.
 
@@ -474,9 +474,9 @@ def sync_do_unique(
 @async_variant(sync_do_unique)  # type: ignore
 async def do_unique(
     environment: "Environment",
-    value: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]",
+    value: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]",
     case_sensitive: bool = False,
-    attribute: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]] = None,
+    attribute: str | int | None = None,
 ) -> "t.Iterator[V]":
     return sync_do_unique(
         environment, await auto_to_list(value), case_sensitive, attribute
@@ -488,8 +488,8 @@ def _min_or_max(
     value: "t.Iterable[V]",
     func: "t.Callable[..., V]",
     case_sensitive: bool,
-    attribute: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]],
-) -> "t.Union[V, Undefined]":
+    attribute: str | int | None,
+) -> "V | Undefined":
     it = iter(value)
 
     try:
@@ -508,8 +508,8 @@ def do_min(
     environment: "Environment",
     value: "t.Iterable[V]",
     case_sensitive: bool = False,
-    attribute: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]] = None,
-) -> "t.Union[V, Undefined]":
+    attribute: str | int | None = None,
+) -> "V | Undefined":
     """Return the smallest item from the sequence.
 
     .. sourcecode:: jinja
@@ -528,8 +528,8 @@ def do_max(
     environment: "Environment",
     value: "t.Iterable[V]",
     case_sensitive: bool = False,
-    attribute: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]] = None,
-) -> "t.Union[V, Undefined]":
+    attribute: str | int | None = None,
+) -> "V | Undefined":
     """Return the largest item from the sequence.
 
     .. sourcecode:: jinja
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ def sync_do_join(
     eval_ctx: "EvalContext",
     value: t.Iterable[t.Any],
     d: str = "",
-    attribute: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]] = None,
+    attribute: str | int | None = None,
 ) -> str:
     """Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the
     sequence. The separator between elements is an empty string per
@@ -637,9 +637,9 @@ def sync_do_join(
 @async_variant(sync_do_join)  # type: ignore
 async def do_join(
     eval_ctx: "EvalContext",
-    value: t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[t.Any], t.Iterable[t.Any]],
+    value: t.AsyncIterable[t.Any] | t.Iterable[t.Any],
     d: str = "",
-    attribute: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]] = None,
+    attribute: str | int | None = None,
 ) -> str:
     return sync_do_join(eval_ctx, await auto_to_list(value), d, attribute)
 
@@ -650,9 +650,7 @@ def do_center(value: str, width: int = 80) -> str:
 
 
 @pass_environment
-def sync_do_first(
-    environment: "Environment", seq: "t.Iterable[V]"
-) -> "t.Union[V, Undefined]":
+def sync_do_first(environment: "Environment", seq: "t.Iterable[V]") -> "V | Undefined":
     """Return the first item of a sequence."""
     try:
         return next(iter(seq))
@@ -662,8 +660,8 @@ def sync_do_first(
 
 @async_variant(sync_do_first)  # type: ignore
 async def do_first(
-    environment: "Environment", seq: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]"
-) -> "t.Union[V, Undefined]":
+    environment: "Environment", seq: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]"
+) -> "V | Undefined":
     try:
         return await auto_aiter(seq).__anext__()
     except StopAsyncIteration:
@@ -671,9 +669,7 @@ async def do_first(
 
 
 @pass_environment
-def do_last(
-    environment: "Environment", seq: "t.Reversible[V]"
-) -> "t.Union[V, Undefined]":
+def do_last(environment: "Environment", seq: "t.Reversible[V]") -> "V | Undefined":
     """Return the last item of a sequence.
 
     Note: Does not work with generators. You may want to explicitly
@@ -693,7 +689,7 @@ def do_last(
 
 
 @pass_context
-def do_random(context: "Context", seq: "t.Sequence[V]") -> "t.Union[V, Undefined]":
+def do_random(context: "Context", seq: "t.Sequence[V]") -> "V | Undefined":
     """Return a random item from the sequence."""
     try:
         return random.choice(seq)
@@ -701,7 +697,7 @@ def do_random(context: "Context", seq: "t.Sequence[V]") -> "t.Union[V, Undefined
         return context.environment.undefined("No random item, sequence was empty.")
 
 
-def do_filesizeformat(value: t.Union[str, float, int], binary: bool = False) -> str:
+def do_filesizeformat(value: str | float | int, binary: bool = False) -> str:
     """Format the value like a 'human-readable' file size (i.e. 13 kB,
     4.1 MB, 102 Bytes, etc).  Per default decimal prefixes are used (Mega,
     Giga, etc.), if the second parameter is set to `True` the binary
@@ -746,11 +742,11 @@ _uri_scheme_re = re.compile(r"^([\w.+-]{2,}:(/){0,2})$")
 def do_urlize(
     eval_ctx: "EvalContext",
     value: str,
-    trim_url_limit: t.Optional[int] = None,
+    trim_url_limit: int | None = None,
     nofollow: bool = False,
-    target: t.Optional[str] = None,
-    rel: t.Optional[str] = None,
-    extra_schemes: t.Optional[t.Iterable[str]] = None,
+    target: str | None = None,
+    rel: str | None = None,
+    extra_schemes: t.Iterable[str] | None = None,
 ) -> str:
     """Convert URLs in text into clickable links.
 
@@ -823,7 +819,7 @@ def do_urlize(
 
 
 def do_indent(
-    s: str, width: t.Union[int, str] = 4, first: bool = False, blank: bool = False
+    s: str, width: int | str = 4, first: bool = False, blank: bool = False
 ) -> str:
     """Return a copy of the string with each line indented by 4 spaces. The
     first line and blank lines are not indented by default.
@@ -877,7 +873,7 @@ def do_truncate(
     length: int = 255,
     killwords: bool = False,
     end: str = "...",
-    leeway: t.Optional[int] = None,
+    leeway: int | None = None,
 ) -> str:
     """Return a truncated copy of the string. The length is specified
     with the first parameter which defaults to ``255``. If the second
@@ -924,7 +920,7 @@ def do_wordwrap(
     s: str,
     width: int = 79,
     break_long_words: bool = True,
-    wrapstring: t.Optional[str] = None,
+    wrapstring: str | None = None,
     break_on_hyphens: bool = True,
 ) -> str:
     """Wrap a string to the given width. Existing newlines are treated
@@ -1043,12 +1039,12 @@ def do_format(value: str, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> str:
     return soft_str(value) % (kwargs or args)
 
 
-def do_trim(value: str, chars: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
+def do_trim(value: str, chars: str | None = None) -> str:
     """Strip leading and trailing characters, by default whitespace."""
     return soft_str(value).strip(chars)
 
 
-def do_striptags(value: "t.Union[str, HasHTML]") -> str:
+def do_striptags(value: "str | HasHTML") -> str:
     """Strip SGML/XML tags and replace adjacent whitespace by one space."""
     if hasattr(value, "__html__"):
         value = t.cast("HasHTML", value).__html__()
@@ -1057,8 +1053,8 @@ def do_striptags(value: "t.Union[str, HasHTML]") -> str:
 
 
 def sync_do_slice(
-    value: "t.Collection[V]", slices: int, fill_with: "t.Optional[V]" = None
-) -> "t.Iterator[t.List[V]]":
+    value: "t.Collection[V]", slices: int, fill_with: "V | None" = None
+) -> "t.Iterator[list[V]]":
     """Slice an iterator and return a list of lists containing
     those items. Useful if you want to create a div containing
     three ul tags that represent columns:
@@ -1101,16 +1097,16 @@ def sync_do_slice(
 
 @async_variant(sync_do_slice)  # type: ignore
 async def do_slice(
-    value: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]",
+    value: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]",
     slices: int,
-    fill_with: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
-) -> "t.Iterator[t.List[V]]":
+    fill_with: t.Any | None = None,
+) -> "t.Iterator[list[V]]":
     return sync_do_slice(await auto_to_list(value), slices, fill_with)
 
 
 def do_batch(
-    value: "t.Iterable[V]", linecount: int, fill_with: "t.Optional[V]" = None
-) -> "t.Iterator[t.List[V]]":
+    value: "t.Iterable[V]", linecount: int, fill_with: "V | None" = None
+) -> "t.Iterator[list[V]]":
     """
     A filter that batches items. It works pretty much like `slice`
     just the other way round. It returns a list of lists with the
@@ -1129,7 +1125,7 @@ def do_batch(
         {%- endfor %}
         </table>
     """
-    tmp: t.List[V] = []
+    tmp: list[V] = []
 
     for item in value:
         if len(tmp) == linecount:
@@ -1187,7 +1183,7 @@ def do_round(
 
 class _GroupTuple(t.NamedTuple):
     grouper: t.Any
-    list: t.List[t.Any]
+    list: list[t.Any]
 
     # Use the regular tuple repr to hide this subclass if users print
     # out the value during debugging.
@@ -1202,10 +1198,10 @@ class _GroupTuple(t.NamedTuple):
 def sync_do_groupby(
     environment: "Environment",
     value: "t.Iterable[V]",
-    attribute: t.Union[str, int],
-    default: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
+    attribute: str | int,
+    default: t.Any | None = None,
     case_sensitive: bool = False,
-) -> "t.List[_GroupTuple]":
+) -> "list[_GroupTuple]":
     """Group a sequence of objects by an attribute using Python's
     :func:`itertools.groupby`. The attribute can use dot notation for
     nested access, like ``"address.city"``. Unlike Python's ``groupby``,
@@ -1285,11 +1281,11 @@ def sync_do_groupby(
 @async_variant(sync_do_groupby)  # type: ignore
 async def do_groupby(
     environment: "Environment",
-    value: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]",
-    attribute: t.Union[str, int],
-    default: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
+    value: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]",
+    attribute: str | int,
+    default: t.Any | None = None,
     case_sensitive: bool = False,
-) -> "t.List[_GroupTuple]":
+) -> "list[_GroupTuple]":
     expr = make_attrgetter(
         environment,
         attribute,
@@ -1313,7 +1309,7 @@ async def do_groupby(
 def sync_do_sum(
     environment: "Environment",
     iterable: "t.Iterable[V]",
-    attribute: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]] = None,
+    attribute: str | int | None = None,
     start: V = 0,  # type: ignore
 ) -> V:
     """Returns the sum of a sequence of numbers plus the value of parameter
@@ -1339,8 +1335,8 @@ def sync_do_sum(
 @async_variant(sync_do_sum)  # type: ignore
 async def do_sum(
     environment: "Environment",
-    iterable: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]",
-    attribute: t.Optional[t.Union[str, int]] = None,
+    iterable: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]",
+    attribute: str | int | None = None,
     start: V = 0,  # type: ignore
 ) -> V:
     rv = start
@@ -1358,7 +1354,7 @@ async def do_sum(
     return rv
 
 
-def sync_do_list(value: "t.Iterable[V]") -> "t.List[V]":
+def sync_do_list(value: "t.Iterable[V]") -> "list[V]":
     """Convert the value into a list.  If it was a string the returned list
     will be a list of characters.
     """
@@ -1366,7 +1362,7 @@ def sync_do_list(value: "t.Iterable[V]") -> "t.List[V]":
 
 
 @async_variant(sync_do_list)  # type: ignore
-async def do_list(value: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]") -> "t.List[V]":
+async def do_list(value: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]") -> "list[V]":
     return await auto_to_list(value)
 
 
@@ -1390,7 +1386,7 @@ def do_reverse(value: str) -> str: ...
 def do_reverse(value: "t.Iterable[V]") -> "t.Iterable[V]": ...
 
 
-def do_reverse(value: t.Union[str, t.Iterable[V]]) -> t.Union[str, t.Iterable[V]]:
+def do_reverse(value: str | t.Iterable[V]) -> str | t.Iterable[V]:
     """Reverse the object or return an iterator that iterates over it the other
     way round.
     """
@@ -1409,9 +1405,7 @@ def do_reverse(value: t.Union[str, t.Iterable[V]]) -> t.Union[str, t.Iterable[V]
 
 
 @pass_environment
-def do_attr(
-    environment: "Environment", obj: t.Any, name: str
-) -> t.Union[Undefined, t.Any]:
+def do_attr(environment: "Environment", obj: t.Any, name: str) -> Undefined | t.Any:
     """Get an attribute of an object. ``foo|attr("bar")`` works like
     ``foo.bar``, but returns undefined instead of falling back to ``foo["bar"]``
     if the attribute doesn't exist.
@@ -1449,7 +1443,7 @@ def sync_do_map(
     value: t.Iterable[t.Any],
     *,
     attribute: str = ...,
-    default: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
+    default: t.Any | None = None,
 ) -> t.Iterable[t.Any]: ...
 
 
@@ -1506,7 +1500,7 @@ def sync_do_map(
 @typing.overload
 def do_map(
     context: "Context",
-    value: t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[t.Any], t.Iterable[t.Any]],
+    value: t.AsyncIterable[t.Any] | t.Iterable[t.Any],
     name: str,
     *args: t.Any,
     **kwargs: t.Any,
@@ -1516,17 +1510,17 @@ def do_map(
 @typing.overload
 def do_map(
     context: "Context",
-    value: t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[t.Any], t.Iterable[t.Any]],
+    value: t.AsyncIterable[t.Any] | t.Iterable[t.Any],
     *,
     attribute: str = ...,
-    default: t.Optional[t.Any] = None,
+    default: t.Any | None = None,
 ) -> t.Iterable[t.Any]: ...
 
 
 @async_variant(sync_do_map)  # type: ignore
 async def do_map(
     context: "Context",
-    value: t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[t.Any], t.Iterable[t.Any]],
+    value: t.AsyncIterable[t.Any] | t.Iterable[t.Any],
     *args: t.Any,
     **kwargs: t.Any,
 ) -> t.AsyncIterable[t.Any]:
@@ -1571,7 +1565,7 @@ def sync_do_select(
 @async_variant(sync_do_select)  # type: ignore
 async def do_select(
     context: "Context",
-    value: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]",
+    value: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]",
     *args: t.Any,
     **kwargs: t.Any,
 ) -> "t.AsyncIterator[V]":
@@ -1607,7 +1601,7 @@ def sync_do_reject(
 @async_variant(sync_do_reject)  # type: ignore
 async def do_reject(
     context: "Context",
-    value: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]",
+    value: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]",
     *args: t.Any,
     **kwargs: t.Any,
 ) -> "t.AsyncIterator[V]":
@@ -1647,7 +1641,7 @@ def sync_do_selectattr(
 @async_variant(sync_do_selectattr)  # type: ignore
 async def do_selectattr(
     context: "Context",
-    value: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]",
+    value: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]",
     *args: t.Any,
     **kwargs: t.Any,
 ) -> "t.AsyncIterator[V]":
@@ -1685,7 +1679,7 @@ def sync_do_rejectattr(
 @async_variant(sync_do_rejectattr)  # type: ignore
 async def do_rejectattr(
     context: "Context",
-    value: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]",
+    value: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]",
     *args: t.Any,
     **kwargs: t.Any,
 ) -> "t.AsyncIterator[V]":
@@ -1694,7 +1688,7 @@ async def do_rejectattr(
 
 @pass_eval_context
 def do_tojson(
-    eval_ctx: "EvalContext", value: t.Any, indent: t.Optional[int] = None
+    eval_ctx: "EvalContext", value: t.Any, indent: int | None = None
 ) -> Markup:
     """Serialize an object to a string of JSON, and mark it safe to
     render in HTML. This filter is only for use in HTML documents.
@@ -1722,7 +1716,7 @@ def do_tojson(
 
 
 def prepare_map(
-    context: "Context", args: t.Tuple[t.Any, ...], kwargs: t.Dict[str, t.Any]
+    context: "Context", args: tuple[t.Any, ...], kwargs: dict[str, t.Any]
 ) -> t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any]:
     if not args and "attribute" in kwargs:
         attribute = kwargs.pop("attribute")
@@ -1751,8 +1745,8 @@ def prepare_map(
 
 def prepare_select_or_reject(
     context: "Context",
-    args: t.Tuple[t.Any, ...],
-    kwargs: t.Dict[str, t.Any],
+    args: tuple[t.Any, ...],
+    kwargs: dict[str, t.Any],
     modfunc: t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any],
     lookup_attr: bool,
 ) -> t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any]:
@@ -1786,8 +1780,8 @@ def prepare_select_or_reject(
 def select_or_reject(
     context: "Context",
     value: "t.Iterable[V]",
-    args: t.Tuple[t.Any, ...],
-    kwargs: t.Dict[str, t.Any],
+    args: tuple[t.Any, ...],
+    kwargs: dict[str, t.Any],
     modfunc: t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any],
     lookup_attr: bool,
 ) -> "t.Iterator[V]":
@@ -1801,9 +1795,9 @@ def select_or_reject(
 
 async def async_select_or_reject(
     context: "Context",
-    value: "t.Union[t.AsyncIterable[V], t.Iterable[V]]",
-    args: t.Tuple[t.Any, ...],
-    kwargs: t.Dict[str, t.Any],
+    value: "t.AsyncIterable[V] | t.Iterable[V]",
+    args: tuple[t.Any, ...],
+    kwargs: dict[str, t.Any],
     modfunc: t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any],
     lookup_attr: bool,
 ) -> "t.AsyncIterator[V]":

src/jinja2/idtracking.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def symbols_for_node(
 
 class Symbols:
     def __init__(
-        self, parent: t.Optional["Symbols"] = None, level: t.Optional[int] = None
+        self, parent: t.Optional["Symbols"] = None, level: int | None = None
     ) -> None:
         if level is None:
             if parent is None:
@@ -42,24 +42,22 @@ class Symbols:
 
         self.level: int = level
         self.parent = parent
-        self.refs: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
-        self.loads: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
-        self.stores: t.Set[str] = set()
+        self.refs: dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.loads: dict[str, t.Any] = {}
+        self.stores: set[str] = set()
 
     def analyze_node(self, node: nodes.Node, **kwargs: t.Any) -> None:
         visitor = RootVisitor(self)
         visitor.visit(node, **kwargs)
 
-    def _define_ref(
-        self, name: str, load: t.Optional[t.Tuple[str, t.Optional[str]]] = None
-    ) -> str:
+    def _define_ref(self, name: str, load: tuple[str, str | None] | None = None) -> str:
         ident = f"l_{self.level}_{name}"
         self.refs[name] = ident
         if load is not None:
             self.loads[ident] = load
         return ident
 
-    def find_load(self, target: str) -> t.Optional[t.Any]:
+    def find_load(self, target: str) -> t.Any | None:
         if target in self.loads:
             return self.loads[target]
 
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ class Symbols:
 
         return None
 
-    def find_ref(self, name: str) -> t.Optional[str]:
+    def find_ref(self, name: str) -> str | None:
         if name in self.refs:
             return self.refs[name]
 
@@ -121,7 +119,7 @@ class Symbols:
             self._define_ref(name, load=(VAR_LOAD_RESOLVE, name))
 
     def branch_update(self, branch_symbols: t.Sequence["Symbols"]) -> None:
-        stores: t.Set[str] = set()
+        stores: set[str] = set()
 
         for branch in branch_symbols:
             stores.update(branch.stores)
@@ -144,9 +142,9 @@ class Symbols:
                     continue
             self.loads[target] = (VAR_LOAD_RESOLVE, name)
 
-    def dump_stores(self) -> t.Dict[str, str]:
-        rv: t.Dict[str, str] = {}
-        node: t.Optional[Symbols] = self
+    def dump_stores(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        rv: dict[str, str] = {}
+        node: Symbols | None = self
 
         while node is not None:
             for name in sorted(node.stores):
@@ -157,9 +155,9 @@ class Symbols:
 
         return rv
 
-    def dump_param_targets(self) -> t.Set[str]:
+    def dump_param_targets(self) -> set[str]:
         rv = set()
-        node: t.Optional[Symbols] = self
+        node: Symbols | None = self
 
         while node is not None:
             for target, (instr, _) in self.loads.items():

src/jinja2/lexer.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 # cache for the lexers. Exists in order to be able to have multiple
 # environments with the same lexer
-_lexer_cache: t.MutableMapping[t.Tuple, "Lexer"] = LRUCache(50)  # type: ignore
+_lexer_cache: t.MutableMapping[tuple, "Lexer"] = LRUCache(50)  # type: ignore
 
 # static regular expressions
 whitespace_re = re.compile(r"\s+")
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ def count_newlines(value: str) -> int:
     return len(newline_re.findall(value))
 
 
-def compile_rules(environment: "Environment") -> t.List[t.Tuple[str, str]]:
+def compile_rules(environment: "Environment") -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
     """Compiles all the rules from the environment into a list of rules."""
     e = re.escape
     rules = [
@@ -257,12 +257,12 @@ class Failure:
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, message: str, cls: t.Type[TemplateSyntaxError] = TemplateSyntaxError
+        self, message: str, cls: type[TemplateSyntaxError] = TemplateSyntaxError
     ) -> None:
         self.message = message
         self.error_class = cls
 
-    def __call__(self, lineno: int, filename: t.Optional[str]) -> "te.NoReturn":
+    def __call__(self, lineno: int, filename: str | None) -> "te.NoReturn":
         raise self.error_class(self.message, lineno, filename)
 
 
@@ -325,11 +325,11 @@ class TokenStream:
     def __init__(
         self,
         generator: t.Iterable[Token],
-        name: t.Optional[str],
-        filename: t.Optional[str],
+        name: str | None,
+        filename: str | None,
     ):
         self._iter = iter(generator)
-        self._pushed: te.Deque[Token] = deque()
+        self._pushed: deque[Token] = deque()
         self.name = name
         self.filename = filename
         self.closed = False
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ class TokenStream:
         for _ in range(n):
             next(self)
 
-    def next_if(self, expr: str) -> t.Optional[Token]:
+    def next_if(self, expr: str) -> Token | None:
         """Perform the token test and return the token if it matched.
         Otherwise the return value is `None`.
         """
@@ -464,8 +464,8 @@ class OptionalLStrip(tuple):  # type: ignore[type-arg]
 
 class _Rule(t.NamedTuple):
     pattern: t.Pattern[str]
-    tokens: t.Union[str, t.Tuple[str, ...], t.Tuple[Failure]]
-    command: t.Optional[str]
+    tokens: str | tuple[str, ...] | tuple[Failure]
+    command: str | None
 
 
 class Lexer:
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ class Lexer:
             return re.compile(x, re.M | re.S)
 
         # lexing rules for tags
-        tag_rules: t.List[_Rule] = [
+        tag_rules: list[_Rule] = [
             _Rule(whitespace_re, TOKEN_WHITESPACE, None),
             _Rule(float_re, TOKEN_FLOAT, None),
             _Rule(integer_re, TOKEN_INTEGER, None),
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ class Lexer:
         )
 
         # global lexing rules
-        self.rules: t.Dict[str, t.List[_Rule]] = {
+        self.rules: dict[str, list[_Rule]] = {
             "root": [
                 # directives
                 _Rule(
@@ -604,9 +604,9 @@ class Lexer:
     def tokenize(
         self,
         source: str,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        state: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
+        state: str | None = None,
     ) -> TokenStream:
         """Calls tokeniter + tokenize and wraps it in a token stream."""
         stream = self.tokeniter(source, name, filename, state)
@@ -614,9 +614,9 @@ class Lexer:
 
     def wrap(
         self,
-        stream: t.Iterable[t.Tuple[int, str, str]],
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        stream: t.Iterable[tuple[int, str, str]],
+        name: str | None = None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
     ) -> t.Iterator[Token]:
         """This is called with the stream as returned by `tokenize` and wraps
         every token in a :class:`Token` and converts the value.
@@ -669,10 +669,10 @@ class Lexer:
     def tokeniter(
         self,
         source: str,
-        name: t.Optional[str],
-        filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        state: t.Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> t.Iterator[t.Tuple[int, str, str]]:
+        name: str | None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
+        state: str | None = None,
+    ) -> t.Iterator[tuple[int, str, str]]:
         """This method tokenizes the text and returns the tokens in a
         generator. Use this method if you just want to tokenize a template.
 
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ class Lexer:
 
         statetokens = self.rules[stack[-1]]
         source_length = len(source)
-        balancing_stack: t.List[str] = []
+        balancing_stack: list[str] = []
         newlines_stripped = 0
         line_starting = True
 

src/jinja2/loaders.py

@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
     from .environment import Template
 
 
-def split_template_path(template: str) -> t.List[str]:
+def split_template_path(template: str) -> list[str]:
     """Split a path into segments and perform a sanity check.  If it detects
     '..' in the path it will raise a `TemplateNotFound` error.
     """
     pieces = []
     for piece in template.split("/"):
         if (
-            os.path.sep in piece
+            os.sep in piece
             or (os.path.altsep and os.path.altsep in piece)
             or piece == os.path.pardir
         ):
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class BaseLoader:
 
     def get_source(
         self, environment: "Environment", template: str
-    ) -> t.Tuple[str, t.Optional[str], t.Optional[t.Callable[[], bool]]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, str | None, t.Callable[[], bool] | None]:
         """Get the template source, filename and reload helper for a template.
         It's passed the environment and template name and has to return a
         tuple in the form ``(source, filename, uptodate)`` or raise a
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class BaseLoader:
             )
         raise TemplateNotFound(template)
 
-    def list_templates(self) -> t.List[str]:
+    def list_templates(self) -> list[str]:
         """Iterates over all templates.  If the loader does not support that
         it should raise a :exc:`TypeError` which is the default behavior.
         """
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class BaseLoader:
         self,
         environment: "Environment",
         name: str,
-        globals: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ) -> "Template":
         """Loads a template.  This method looks up the template in the cache
         or loads one by calling :meth:`get_source`.  Subclasses should not
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class FileSystemLoader(BaseLoader):
 
     def get_source(
         self, environment: "Environment", template: str
-    ) -> t.Tuple[str, str, t.Callable[[], bool]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, str, t.Callable[[], bool]]:
         pieces = split_template_path(template)
 
         for searchpath in self.searchpath:
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ class FileSystemLoader(BaseLoader):
         # Use normpath to convert Windows altsep to sep.
         return contents, os.path.normpath(filename), uptodate
 
-    def list_templates(self) -> t.List[str]:
+    def list_templates(self) -> list[str]:
         found = set()
         for searchpath in self.searchpath:
             walk_dir = os.walk(searchpath, followlinks=self.followlinks)
@@ -233,8 +233,8 @@ class FileSystemLoader(BaseLoader):
                 for filename in filenames:
                     template = (
                         os.path.join(dirpath, filename)[len(searchpath) :]
-                        .strip(os.path.sep)
-                        .replace(os.path.sep, "/")
+                        .strip(os.sep)
+                        .replace(os.sep, "/")
                     )
                     if template[:2] == "./":
                         template = template[2:]
@@ -245,24 +245,23 @@ class FileSystemLoader(BaseLoader):
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
 
-    def _get_zipimporter_files(z: t.Any) -> t.Dict[str, object]:
+    def _get_zipimporter_files(z: t.Any) -> dict[str, object]:
         try:
             get_files = z._get_files
         except AttributeError as e:
             raise TypeError(
-                "This zip import does not have the required"
-                " metadata to list templates."
+                "This zip import does not have the required metadata to list templates."
             ) from e
         return get_files()
+
 else:
 
-    def _get_zipimporter_files(z: t.Any) -> t.Dict[str, object]:
+    def _get_zipimporter_files(z: t.Any) -> dict[str, object]:
         try:
             files = z._files
         except AttributeError as e:
             raise TypeError(
-                "This zip import does not have the required"
-                " metadata to list templates."
+                "This zip import does not have the required metadata to list templates."
             ) from e
         return files  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
@@ -306,12 +305,12 @@ class PackageLoader(BaseLoader):
         package_path: "str" = "templates",
         encoding: str = "utf-8",
     ) -> None:
-        package_path = os.path.normpath(package_path).rstrip(os.path.sep)
+        package_path = os.path.normpath(package_path).rstrip(os.sep)
 
         # normpath preserves ".", which isn't valid in zip paths.
         if package_path == os.path.curdir:
             package_path = ""
-        elif package_path[:2] == os.path.curdir + os.path.sep:
+        elif package_path[:2] == os.path.curdir + os.sep:
             package_path = package_path[2:]
 
         self.package_path = package_path
@@ -331,9 +330,9 @@ class PackageLoader(BaseLoader):
         if isinstance(loader, zipimport.zipimporter):
             self._archive = loader.archive
             pkgdir = next(iter(spec.submodule_search_locations))  # type: ignore
-            template_root = os.path.join(pkgdir, package_path).rstrip(os.path.sep)
+            template_root = os.path.join(pkgdir, package_path).rstrip(os.sep)
         else:
-            roots: t.List[str] = []
+            roots: list[str] = []
 
             # One element for regular packages, multiple for namespace
             # packages, or None for single module file.
@@ -365,14 +364,14 @@ class PackageLoader(BaseLoader):
 
     def get_source(
         self, environment: "Environment", template: str
-    ) -> t.Tuple[str, str, t.Optional[t.Callable[[], bool]]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, str, t.Callable[[], bool] | None]:
         # Use posixpath even on Windows to avoid "drive:" or UNC
         # segments breaking out of the search directory. Use normpath to
         # convert Windows altsep to sep.
         p = os.path.normpath(
             posixpath.join(self._template_root, *split_template_path(template))
         )
-        up_to_date: t.Optional[t.Callable[[], bool]]
+        up_to_date: t.Callable[[], bool] | None
 
         if self._archive is None:
             # Package is a directory.
@@ -401,33 +400,30 @@ class PackageLoader(BaseLoader):
 
         return source.decode(self.encoding), p, up_to_date
 
-    def list_templates(self) -> t.List[str]:
-        results: t.List[str] = []
+    def list_templates(self) -> list[str]:
+        results: list[str] = []
 
         if self._archive is None:
             # Package is a directory.
             offset = len(self._template_root)
 
             for dirpath, _, filenames in os.walk(self._template_root):
-                dirpath = dirpath[offset:].lstrip(os.path.sep)
+                dirpath = dirpath[offset:].lstrip(os.sep)
                 results.extend(
-                    os.path.join(dirpath, name).replace(os.path.sep, "/")
+                    os.path.join(dirpath, name).replace(os.sep, "/")
                     for name in filenames
                 )
         else:
             files = _get_zipimporter_files(self._loader)
 
             # Package is a zip file.
-            prefix = (
-                self._template_root[len(self._archive) :].lstrip(os.path.sep)
-                + os.path.sep
-            )
+            prefix = self._template_root[len(self._archive) :].lstrip(os.sep) + os.sep
             offset = len(prefix)
 
             for name in files:
                 # Find names under the templates directory that aren't directories.
-                if name.startswith(prefix) and name[-1] != os.path.sep:
-                    results.append(name[offset:].replace(os.path.sep, "/"))
+                if name.startswith(prefix) and name[-1] != os.sep:
+                    results.append(name[offset:].replace(os.sep, "/"))
 
         results.sort()
         return results
@@ -447,13 +443,13 @@ class DictLoader(BaseLoader):
 
     def get_source(
         self, environment: "Environment", template: str
-    ) -> t.Tuple[str, None, t.Callable[[], bool]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, None, t.Callable[[], bool]]:
         if template in self.mapping:
             source = self.mapping[template]
             return source, None, lambda: source == self.mapping.get(template)
         raise TemplateNotFound(template)
 
-    def list_templates(self) -> t.List[str]:
+    def list_templates(self) -> list[str]:
         return sorted(self.mapping)
 
 
@@ -479,18 +475,14 @@ class FunctionLoader(BaseLoader):
         self,
         load_func: t.Callable[
             [str],
-            t.Optional[
-                t.Union[
-                    str, t.Tuple[str, t.Optional[str], t.Optional[t.Callable[[], bool]]]
-                ]
-            ],
+            str | tuple[str, str | None, t.Callable[[], bool] | None] | None,
         ],
     ) -> None:
         self.load_func = load_func
 
     def get_source(
         self, environment: "Environment", template: str
-    ) -> t.Tuple[str, t.Optional[str], t.Optional[t.Callable[[], bool]]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, str | None, t.Callable[[], bool] | None]:
         rv = self.load_func(template)
 
         if rv is None:
@@ -523,7 +515,7 @@ class PrefixLoader(BaseLoader):
         self.mapping = mapping
         self.delimiter = delimiter
 
-    def get_loader(self, template: str) -> t.Tuple[BaseLoader, str]:
+    def get_loader(self, template: str) -> tuple[BaseLoader, str]:
         try:
             prefix, name = template.split(self.delimiter, 1)
             loader = self.mapping[prefix]
@@ -533,7 +525,7 @@ class PrefixLoader(BaseLoader):
 
     def get_source(
         self, environment: "Environment", template: str
-    ) -> t.Tuple[str, t.Optional[str], t.Optional[t.Callable[[], bool]]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, str | None, t.Callable[[], bool] | None]:
         loader, name = self.get_loader(template)
         try:
             return loader.get_source(environment, name)
@@ -547,7 +539,7 @@ class PrefixLoader(BaseLoader):
         self,
         environment: "Environment",
         name: str,
-        globals: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ) -> "Template":
         loader, local_name = self.get_loader(name)
         try:
@@ -557,7 +549,7 @@ class PrefixLoader(BaseLoader):
             # (the one that includes the prefix)
             raise TemplateNotFound(name) from e
 
-    def list_templates(self) -> t.List[str]:
+    def list_templates(self) -> list[str]:
         result = []
         for prefix, loader in self.mapping.items():
             for template in loader.list_templates():
@@ -584,7 +576,7 @@ class ChoiceLoader(BaseLoader):
 
     def get_source(
         self, environment: "Environment", template: str
-    ) -> t.Tuple[str, t.Optional[str], t.Optional[t.Callable[[], bool]]]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, str | None, t.Callable[[], bool] | None]:
         for loader in self.loaders:
             try:
                 return loader.get_source(environment, template)
@@ -597,7 +589,7 @@ class ChoiceLoader(BaseLoader):
         self,
         environment: "Environment",
         name: str,
-        globals: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ) -> "Template":
         for loader in self.loaders:
             try:
@@ -606,7 +598,7 @@ class ChoiceLoader(BaseLoader):
                 pass
         raise TemplateNotFound(name)
 
-    def list_templates(self) -> t.List[str]:
+    def list_templates(self) -> list[str]:
         found = set()
         for loader in self.loaders:
             found.update(loader.list_templates())
@@ -669,7 +661,7 @@ class ModuleLoader(BaseLoader):
         self,
         environment: "Environment",
         name: str,
-        globals: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ) -> "Template":
         key = self.get_template_key(name)
         module = f"{self.package_name}.{key}"

src/jinja2/meta.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class TrackingCodeGenerator(CodeGenerator):
 
     def __init__(self, environment: "Environment") -> None:
         super().__init__(environment, "<introspection>", "<introspection>")
-        self.undeclared_identifiers: t.Set[str] = set()
+        self.undeclared_identifiers: set[str] = set()
 
     def write(self, x: str) -> None:
         """Don't write."""
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class TrackingCodeGenerator(CodeGenerator):
                 self.undeclared_identifiers.add(param)
 
 
-def find_undeclared_variables(ast: nodes.Template) -> t.Set[str]:
+def find_undeclared_variables(ast: nodes.Template) -> set[str]:
     """Returns a set of all variables in the AST that will be looked up from
     the context at runtime.  Because at compile time it's not known which
     variables will be used depending on the path the execution takes at
@@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ def find_undeclared_variables(ast: nodes.Template) -> t.Set[str]:
 
 
 _ref_types = (nodes.Extends, nodes.FromImport, nodes.Import, nodes.Include)
-_RefType = t.Union[nodes.Extends, nodes.FromImport, nodes.Import, nodes.Include]
+_RefType = nodes.Extends | nodes.FromImport | nodes.Import | nodes.Include
 
 
-def find_referenced_templates(ast: nodes.Template) -> t.Iterator[t.Optional[str]]:
+def find_referenced_templates(ast: nodes.Template) -> t.Iterator[str | None]:
     """Finds all the referenced templates from the AST.  This will return an
     iterator over all the hardcoded template extensions, inclusions and
     imports.  If dynamic inheritance or inclusion is used, `None` will be

src/jinja2/nativetypes.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from .environment import Environment
 from .environment import Template
 
 
-def native_concat(values: t.Iterable[t.Any]) -> t.Optional[t.Any]:
+def native_concat(values: t.Iterable[t.Any]) -> t.Any | None:
     """Return a native Python type from the list of compiled nodes. If
     the result is a single node, its value is returned. Otherwise, the
     nodes are concatenated as strings. If the result can be parsed with

src/jinja2/nodes.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 _NodeBound = t.TypeVar("_NodeBound", bound="Node")
 
-_binop_to_func: t.Dict[str, t.Callable[[t.Any, t.Any], t.Any]] = {
+_binop_to_func: dict[str, t.Callable[[t.Any, t.Any], t.Any]] = {
     "*": operator.mul,
     "/": operator.truediv,
     "//": operator.floordiv,
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ _binop_to_func: t.Dict[str, t.Callable[[t.Any, t.Any], t.Any]] = {
     "-": operator.sub,
 }
 
-_uaop_to_func: t.Dict[str, t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any]] = {
+_uaop_to_func: dict[str, t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any]] = {
     "not": operator.not_,
     "+": operator.pos,
     "-": operator.neg,
 }
 
-_cmpop_to_func: t.Dict[str, t.Callable[[t.Any, t.Any], t.Any]] = {
+_cmpop_to_func: dict[str, t.Callable[[t.Any, t.Any], t.Any]] = {
     "eq": operator.eq,
     "ne": operator.ne,
     "gt": operator.gt,
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class NodeType(type):
 
     def __new__(mcs, name, bases, d):  # type: ignore
         for attr in "fields", "attributes":
-            storage: t.List[t.Tuple[str, ...]] = []
+            storage: list[tuple[str, ...]] = []
             storage.extend(getattr(bases[0] if bases else object, attr, ()))
             storage.extend(d.get(attr, ()))
             assert len(bases) <= 1, "multiple inheritance not allowed"
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class EvalContext:
     """
 
     def __init__(
-        self, environment: "Environment", template_name: t.Optional[str] = None
+        self, environment: "Environment", template_name: str | None = None
     ) -> None:
         self.environment = environment
         if callable(environment.autoescape):
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class EvalContext:
         self.__dict__.update(old)
 
 
-def get_eval_context(node: "Node", ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext]) -> EvalContext:
+def get_eval_context(node: "Node", ctx: EvalContext | None) -> EvalContext:
     if ctx is None:
         if node.environment is None:
             raise RuntimeError(
@@ -119,8 +119,8 @@ class Node(metaclass=NodeType):
     all nodes automatically.
     """
 
-    fields: t.Tuple[str, ...] = ()
-    attributes: t.Tuple[str, ...] = ("lineno", "environment")
+    fields: tuple[str, ...] = ()
+    attributes: tuple[str, ...] = ("lineno", "environment")
     abstract = True
 
     lineno: int
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class Node(metaclass=NodeType):
                     f"{type(self).__name__!r} takes 0 or {len(self.fields)}"
                     f" argument{'s' if len(self.fields) != 1 else ''}"
                 )
-            for name, arg in zip(self.fields, fields):
+            for name, arg in zip(self.fields, fields, strict=False):
                 setattr(self, name, arg)
         for attr in self.attributes:
             setattr(self, attr, attributes.pop(attr, None))
@@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ class Node(metaclass=NodeType):
 
     def iter_fields(
         self,
-        exclude: t.Optional[t.Container[str]] = None,
-        only: t.Optional[t.Container[str]] = None,
-    ) -> t.Iterator[t.Tuple[str, t.Any]]:
+        exclude: t.Container[str] | None = None,
+        only: t.Container[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> t.Iterator[tuple[str, t.Any]]:
         """This method iterates over all fields that are defined and yields
         ``(key, value)`` tuples.  Per default all fields are returned, but
         it's possible to limit that to some fields by providing the `only`
@@ -168,8 +168,8 @@ class Node(metaclass=NodeType):
 
     def iter_child_nodes(
         self,
-        exclude: t.Optional[t.Container[str]] = None,
-        only: t.Optional[t.Container[str]] = None,
+        exclude: t.Container[str] | None = None,
+        only: t.Container[str] | None = None,
     ) -> t.Iterator["Node"]:
         """Iterates over all direct child nodes of the node.  This iterates
         over all fields and yields the values of they are nodes.  If the value
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class Node(metaclass=NodeType):
             elif isinstance(item, Node):
                 yield item
 
-    def find(self, node_type: t.Type[_NodeBound]) -> t.Optional[_NodeBound]:
+    def find(self, node_type: type[_NodeBound]) -> _NodeBound | None:
         """Find the first node of a given type.  If no such node exists the
         return value is `None`.
         """
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class Node(metaclass=NodeType):
         return None
 
     def find_all(
-        self, node_type: t.Union[t.Type[_NodeBound], t.Tuple[t.Type[_NodeBound], ...]]
+        self, node_type: type[_NodeBound] | tuple[type[_NodeBound], ...]
     ) -> t.Iterator[_NodeBound]:
         """Find all the nodes of a given type.  If the type is a tuple,
         the check is performed for any of the tuple items.
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ class Node(metaclass=NodeType):
         return f"{type(self).__name__}({args_str})"
 
     def dump(self) -> str:
-        def _dump(node: t.Union[Node, t.Any]) -> None:
+        def _dump(node: Node | t.Any) -> None:
             if not isinstance(node, Node):
                 buf.append(repr(node))
                 return
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class Node(metaclass=NodeType):
                     _dump(value)
             buf.append(")")
 
-        buf: t.List[str] = []
+        buf: list[str] = []
         _dump(self)
         return "".join(buf)
 
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ class Template(Node):
     """
 
     fields = ("body",)
-    body: t.List[Node]
+    body: list[Node]
 
 
 class Output(Stmt):
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ class Output(Stmt):
     """
 
     fields = ("nodes",)
-    nodes: t.List["Expr"]
+    nodes: list["Expr"]
 
 
 class Extends(Stmt):
@@ -328,9 +328,9 @@ class For(Stmt):
     fields = ("target", "iter", "body", "else_", "test", "recursive")
     target: Node
     iter: Node
-    body: t.List[Node]
-    else_: t.List[Node]
-    test: t.Optional[Node]
+    body: list[Node]
+    else_: list[Node]
+    test: Node | None
     recursive: bool
 
 
@@ -339,9 +339,9 @@ class If(Stmt):
 
     fields = ("test", "body", "elif_", "else_")
     test: Node
-    body: t.List[Node]
-    elif_: t.List["If"]
-    else_: t.List[Node]
+    body: list[Node]
+    elif_: list["If"]
+    else_: list[Node]
 
 
 class Macro(Stmt):
@@ -352,9 +352,9 @@ class Macro(Stmt):
 
     fields = ("name", "args", "defaults", "body")
     name: str
-    args: t.List["Name"]
-    defaults: t.List["Expr"]
-    body: t.List[Node]
+    args: list["Name"]
+    defaults: list["Expr"]
+    body: list[Node]
 
 
 class CallBlock(Stmt):
@@ -364,16 +364,16 @@ class CallBlock(Stmt):
 
     fields = ("call", "args", "defaults", "body")
     call: "Call"
-    args: t.List["Name"]
-    defaults: t.List["Expr"]
-    body: t.List[Node]
+    args: list["Name"]
+    defaults: list["Expr"]
+    body: list[Node]
 
 
 class FilterBlock(Stmt):
     """Node for filter sections."""
 
     fields = ("body", "filter")
-    body: t.List[Node]
+    body: list[Node]
     filter: "Filter"
 
 
@@ -385,9 +385,9 @@ class With(Stmt):
     """
 
     fields = ("targets", "values", "body")
-    targets: t.List["Expr"]
-    values: t.List["Expr"]
-    body: t.List[Node]
+    targets: list["Expr"]
+    values: list["Expr"]
+    body: list[Node]
 
 
 class Block(Stmt):
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ class Block(Stmt):
 
     fields = ("name", "body", "scoped", "required")
     name: str
-    body: t.List[Node]
+    body: list[Node]
     scoped: bool
     required: bool
 
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ class FromImport(Stmt):
 
     fields = ("template", "names", "with_context")
     template: "Expr"
-    names: t.List[t.Union[str, t.Tuple[str, str]]]
+    names: list[str | tuple[str, str]]
     with_context: bool
 
 
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ class AssignBlock(Stmt):
     fields = ("target", "filter", "body")
     target: "Expr"
     filter: t.Optional["Filter"]
-    body: t.List[Node]
+    body: list[Node]
 
 
 class Expr(Node):
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ class Expr(Node):
 
     abstract = True
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Any:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> t.Any:
         """Return the value of the expression as constant or raise
         :exc:`Impossible` if this was not possible.
 
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ class BinExpr(Expr):
     operator: str
     abstract = True
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Any:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> t.Any:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
 
         # intercepted operators cannot be folded at compile time
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ class UnaryExpr(Expr):
     operator: str
     abstract = True
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Any:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> t.Any:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
 
         # intercepted operators cannot be folded at compile time
@@ -584,15 +584,15 @@ class Const(Literal):
     fields = ("value",)
     value: t.Any
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Any:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> t.Any:
         return self.value
 
     @classmethod
     def from_untrusted(
         cls,
         value: t.Any,
-        lineno: t.Optional[int] = None,
-        environment: "t.Optional[Environment]" = None,
+        lineno: int | None = None,
+        environment: "Environment | None" = None,
     ) -> "Const":
         """Return a const object if the value is representable as
         constant value in the generated code, otherwise it will raise
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ class TemplateData(Literal):
     fields = ("data",)
     data: str
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> str:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> str:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         if eval_ctx.volatile:
             raise Impossible()
@@ -627,10 +627,10 @@ class Tuple(Literal):
     """
 
     fields = ("items", "ctx")
-    items: t.List[Expr]
+    items: list[Expr]
     ctx: str
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Tuple[t.Any, ...]:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> tuple[t.Any, ...]:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         return tuple(x.as_const(eval_ctx) for x in self.items)
 
@@ -645,9 +645,9 @@ class List(Literal):
     """Any list literal such as ``[1, 2, 3]``"""
 
     fields = ("items",)
-    items: t.List[Expr]
+    items: list[Expr]
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.List[t.Any]:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> list[t.Any]:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         return [x.as_const(eval_ctx) for x in self.items]
 
@@ -658,11 +658,9 @@ class Dict(Literal):
     """
 
     fields = ("items",)
-    items: t.List["Pair"]
+    items: list["Pair"]
 
-    def as_const(
-        self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None
-    ) -> t.Dict[t.Any, t.Any]:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> dict[t.Any, t.Any]:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         return dict(x.as_const(eval_ctx) for x in self.items)
 
@@ -674,9 +672,7 @@ class Pair(Helper):
     key: Expr
     value: Expr
 
-    def as_const(
-        self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None
-    ) -> t.Tuple[t.Any, t.Any]:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> tuple[t.Any, t.Any]:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         return self.key.as_const(eval_ctx), self.value.as_const(eval_ctx)
 
@@ -688,7 +684,7 @@ class Keyword(Helper):
     key: str
     value: Expr
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Tuple[str, t.Any]:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> tuple[str, t.Any]:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         return self.key, self.value.as_const(eval_ctx)
 
@@ -701,9 +697,9 @@ class CondExpr(Expr):
     fields = ("test", "expr1", "expr2")
     test: Expr
     expr1: Expr
-    expr2: t.Optional[Expr]
+    expr2: Expr | None
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Any:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> t.Any:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         if self.test.as_const(eval_ctx):
             return self.expr1.as_const(eval_ctx)
@@ -716,8 +712,8 @@ class CondExpr(Expr):
 
 
 def args_as_const(
-    node: t.Union["_FilterTestCommon", "Call"], eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext]
-) -> t.Tuple[t.List[t.Any], t.Dict[t.Any, t.Any]]:
+    node: t.Union["_FilterTestCommon", "Call"], eval_ctx: EvalContext | None
+) -> tuple[list[t.Any], dict[t.Any, t.Any]]:
     args = [x.as_const(eval_ctx) for x in node.args]
     kwargs = dict(x.as_const(eval_ctx) for x in node.kwargs)
 
@@ -740,14 +736,14 @@ class _FilterTestCommon(Expr):
     fields = ("node", "name", "args", "kwargs", "dyn_args", "dyn_kwargs")
     node: Expr
     name: str
-    args: t.List[Expr]
-    kwargs: t.List[Pair]
-    dyn_args: t.Optional[Expr]
-    dyn_kwargs: t.Optional[Expr]
+    args: list[Expr]
+    kwargs: list[Pair]
+    dyn_args: Expr | None
+    dyn_kwargs: Expr | None
     abstract = True
     _is_filter = True
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Any:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> t.Any:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
 
         if eval_ctx.volatile:
@@ -792,9 +788,9 @@ class Filter(_FilterTestCommon):
     and is applied to the content of the block.
     """
 
-    node: t.Optional[Expr]  # type: ignore
+    node: Expr | None  # type: ignore
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Any:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> t.Any:
         if self.node is None:
             raise Impossible()
 
@@ -824,10 +820,10 @@ class Call(Expr):
 
     fields = ("node", "args", "kwargs", "dyn_args", "dyn_kwargs")
     node: Expr
-    args: t.List[Expr]
-    kwargs: t.List[Keyword]
-    dyn_args: t.Optional[Expr]
-    dyn_kwargs: t.Optional[Expr]
+    args: list[Expr]
+    kwargs: list[Keyword]
+    dyn_args: Expr | None
+    dyn_kwargs: Expr | None
 
 
 class Getitem(Expr):
@@ -838,7 +834,7 @@ class Getitem(Expr):
     arg: Expr
     ctx: str
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Any:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> t.Any:
         if self.ctx != "load":
             raise Impossible()
 
@@ -862,7 +858,7 @@ class Getattr(Expr):
     attr: str
     ctx: str
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Any:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> t.Any:
         if self.ctx != "load":
             raise Impossible()
 
@@ -880,14 +876,14 @@ class Slice(Expr):
     """
 
     fields = ("start", "stop", "step")
-    start: t.Optional[Expr]
-    stop: t.Optional[Expr]
-    step: t.Optional[Expr]
+    start: Expr | None
+    stop: Expr | None
+    step: Expr | None
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> slice:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> slice:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
 
-        def const(obj: t.Optional[Expr]) -> t.Optional[t.Any]:
+        def const(obj: Expr | None) -> t.Any | None:
             if obj is None:
                 return None
             return obj.as_const(eval_ctx)
@@ -901,9 +897,9 @@ class Concat(Expr):
     """
 
     fields = ("nodes",)
-    nodes: t.List[Expr]
+    nodes: list[Expr]
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> str:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> str:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         return "".join(str(x.as_const(eval_ctx)) for x in self.nodes)
 
@@ -915,9 +911,9 @@ class Compare(Expr):
 
     fields = ("expr", "ops")
     expr: Expr
-    ops: t.List["Operand"]
+    ops: list["Operand"]
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Any:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> t.Any:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         result = value = self.expr.as_const(eval_ctx)
 
@@ -993,7 +989,7 @@ class And(BinExpr):
 
     operator = "and"
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Any:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> t.Any:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         return self.left.as_const(eval_ctx) and self.right.as_const(eval_ctx)
 
@@ -1003,7 +999,7 @@ class Or(BinExpr):
 
     operator = "or"
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> t.Any:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> t.Any:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         return self.left.as_const(eval_ctx) or self.right.as_const(eval_ctx)
 
@@ -1086,7 +1082,7 @@ class MarkSafe(Expr):
     fields = ("expr",)
     expr: Expr
 
-    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None) -> Markup:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> Markup:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         return Markup(self.expr.as_const(eval_ctx))
 
@@ -1101,9 +1097,7 @@ class MarkSafeIfAutoescape(Expr):
     fields = ("expr",)
     expr: Expr
 
-    def as_const(
-        self, eval_ctx: t.Optional[EvalContext] = None
-    ) -> t.Union[Markup, t.Any]:
+    def as_const(self, eval_ctx: EvalContext | None = None) -> Markup | t.Any:
         eval_ctx = get_eval_context(self, eval_ctx)
         if eval_ctx.volatile:
             raise Impossible()
@@ -1152,7 +1146,7 @@ class Scope(Stmt):
     """An artificial scope."""
 
     fields = ("body",)
-    body: t.List[Node]
+    body: list[Node]
 
 
 class OverlayScope(Stmt):
@@ -1171,7 +1165,7 @@ class OverlayScope(Stmt):
 
     fields = ("context", "body")
     context: Expr
-    body: t.List[Node]
+    body: list[Node]
 
 
 class EvalContextModifier(Stmt):
@@ -1184,7 +1178,7 @@ class EvalContextModifier(Stmt):
     """
 
     fields = ("options",)
-    options: t.List[Keyword]
+    options: list[Keyword]
 
 
 class ScopedEvalContextModifier(EvalContextModifier):
@@ -1194,7 +1188,7 @@ class ScopedEvalContextModifier(EvalContextModifier):
     """
 
     fields = ("body",)
-    body: t.List[Node]
+    body: list[Node]
 
 
 # make sure nobody creates custom nodes

src/jinja2/optimizer.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def optimize(node: nodes.Node, environment: "Environment") -> nodes.Node:
 
 
 class Optimizer(NodeTransformer):
-    def __init__(self, environment: "t.Optional[Environment]") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, environment: "Environment | None") -> None:
         self.environment = environment
 
     def generic_visit(

src/jinja2/parser.py

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ _statement_keywords = frozenset(
 )
 _compare_operators = frozenset(["eq", "ne", "lt", "lteq", "gt", "gteq"])
 
-_math_nodes: t.Dict[str, t.Type[nodes.Expr]] = {
+_math_nodes: dict[str, type[nodes.Expr]] = {
     "add": nodes.Add,
     "sub": nodes.Sub,
     "mul": nodes.Mul,
@@ -54,30 +54,30 @@ class Parser:
         self,
         environment: "Environment",
         source: str,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        filename: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        state: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
+        state: str | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         self.environment = environment
         self.stream = environment._tokenize(source, name, filename, state)
         self.name = name
         self.filename = filename
         self.closed = False
-        self.extensions: t.Dict[
-            str, t.Callable[[Parser], t.Union[nodes.Node, t.List[nodes.Node]]]
+        self.extensions: dict[
+            str, t.Callable[[Parser], nodes.Node | list[nodes.Node]]
         ] = {}
         for extension in environment.iter_extensions():
             for tag in extension.tags:
                 self.extensions[tag] = extension.parse
         self._last_identifier = 0
-        self._tag_stack: t.List[str] = []
-        self._end_token_stack: t.List[t.Tuple[str, ...]] = []
+        self._tag_stack: list[str] = []
+        self._end_token_stack: list[tuple[str, ...]] = []
 
     def fail(
         self,
         msg: str,
-        lineno: t.Optional[int] = None,
-        exc: t.Type[TemplateSyntaxError] = TemplateSyntaxError,
+        lineno: int | None = None,
+        exc: type[TemplateSyntaxError] = TemplateSyntaxError,
     ) -> "te.NoReturn":
         """Convenience method that raises `exc` with the message, passed
         line number or last line number as well as the current name and
@@ -89,15 +89,15 @@ class Parser:
 
     def _fail_ut_eof(
         self,
-        name: t.Optional[str],
-        end_token_stack: t.List[t.Tuple[str, ...]],
-        lineno: t.Optional[int],
+        name: str | None,
+        end_token_stack: list[tuple[str, ...]],
+        lineno: int | None,
     ) -> "te.NoReturn":
-        expected: t.Set[str] = set()
+        expected: set[str] = set()
         for exprs in end_token_stack:
             expected.update(map(describe_token_expr, exprs))
         if end_token_stack:
-            currently_looking: t.Optional[str] = " or ".join(
+            currently_looking: str | None = " or ".join(
                 map(repr, map(describe_token_expr, end_token_stack[-1]))
             )
         else:
@@ -127,9 +127,7 @@ class Parser:
 
         self.fail(" ".join(message), lineno)
 
-    def fail_unknown_tag(
-        self, name: str, lineno: t.Optional[int] = None
-    ) -> "te.NoReturn":
+    def fail_unknown_tag(self, name: str, lineno: int | None = None) -> "te.NoReturn":
         """Called if the parser encounters an unknown tag.  Tries to fail
         with a human readable error message that could help to identify
         the problem.
@@ -138,8 +136,8 @@ class Parser:
 
     def fail_eof(
         self,
-        end_tokens: t.Optional[t.Tuple[str, ...]] = None,
-        lineno: t.Optional[int] = None,
+        end_tokens: tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
+        lineno: int | None = None,
     ) -> "te.NoReturn":
         """Like fail_unknown_tag but for end of template situations."""
         stack = list(self._end_token_stack)
@@ -147,9 +145,7 @@ class Parser:
             stack.append(end_tokens)
         self._fail_ut_eof(None, stack, lineno)
 
-    def is_tuple_end(
-        self, extra_end_rules: t.Optional[t.Tuple[str, ...]] = None
-    ) -> bool:
+    def is_tuple_end(self, extra_end_rules: tuple[str, ...] | None = None) -> bool:
         """Are we at the end of a tuple?"""
         if self.stream.current.type in ("variable_end", "block_end", "rparen"):
             return True
@@ -157,14 +153,14 @@ class Parser:
             return self.stream.current.test_any(extra_end_rules)  # type: ignore
         return False
 
-    def free_identifier(self, lineno: t.Optional[int] = None) -> nodes.InternalName:
+    def free_identifier(self, lineno: int | None = None) -> nodes.InternalName:
         """Return a new free identifier as :class:`~jinja2.nodes.InternalName`."""
         self._last_identifier += 1
         rv = object.__new__(nodes.InternalName)
         nodes.Node.__init__(rv, f"fi{self._last_identifier}", lineno=lineno)
         return rv
 
-    def parse_statement(self) -> t.Union[nodes.Node, t.List[nodes.Node]]:
+    def parse_statement(self) -> nodes.Node | list[nodes.Node]:
         """Parse a single statement."""
         token = self.stream.current
         if token.type != "name":
@@ -194,8 +190,8 @@ class Parser:
                 self._tag_stack.pop()
 
     def parse_statements(
-        self, end_tokens: t.Tuple[str, ...], drop_needle: bool = False
-    ) -> t.List[nodes.Node]:
+        self, end_tokens: tuple[str, ...], drop_needle: bool = False
+    ) -> list[nodes.Node]:
         """Parse multiple statements into a list until one of the end tokens
         is reached.  This is used to parse the body of statements as it also
         parses template data if appropriate.  The parser checks first if the
@@ -222,7 +218,7 @@ class Parser:
             next(self.stream)
         return result
 
-    def parse_set(self) -> t.Union[nodes.Assign, nodes.AssignBlock]:
+    def parse_set(self) -> nodes.Assign | nodes.AssignBlock:
         """Parse an assign statement."""
         lineno = next(self.stream).lineno
         target = self.parse_assign_target(with_namespace=True)
@@ -272,8 +268,8 @@ class Parser:
 
     def parse_with(self) -> nodes.With:
         node = nodes.With(lineno=next(self.stream).lineno)
-        targets: t.List[nodes.Expr] = []
-        values: t.List[nodes.Expr] = []
+        targets: list[nodes.Expr] = []
+        values: list[nodes.Expr] = []
         while self.stream.current.type != "block_end":
             if targets:
                 self.stream.expect("comma")
@@ -466,17 +462,17 @@ class Parser:
         self,
         with_tuple: bool = True,
         name_only: bool = False,
-        extra_end_rules: t.Optional[t.Tuple[str, ...]] = None,
+        extra_end_rules: tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
         with_namespace: bool = False,
-    ) -> t.Union[nodes.NSRef, nodes.Name, nodes.Tuple]: ...
+    ) -> nodes.NSRef | nodes.Name | nodes.Tuple: ...
 
     def parse_assign_target(
         self,
         with_tuple: bool = True,
         name_only: bool = False,
-        extra_end_rules: t.Optional[t.Tuple[str, ...]] = None,
+        extra_end_rules: tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
         with_namespace: bool = False,
-    ) -> t.Union[nodes.NSRef, nodes.Name, nodes.Tuple]:
+    ) -> nodes.NSRef | nodes.Name | nodes.Tuple:
         """Parse an assignment target.  As Jinja allows assignments to
         tuples, this function can parse all allowed assignment targets.  Per
         default assignments to tuples are parsed, that can be disable however
@@ -521,7 +517,7 @@ class Parser:
     def parse_condexpr(self) -> nodes.Expr:
         lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
         expr1 = self.parse_or()
-        expr3: t.Optional[nodes.Expr]
+        expr3: nodes.Expr | None
 
         while self.stream.skip_if("name:if"):
             expr2 = self.parse_or()
@@ -686,10 +682,10 @@ class Parser:
         self,
         simplified: bool = False,
         with_condexpr: bool = True,
-        extra_end_rules: t.Optional[t.Tuple[str, ...]] = None,
+        extra_end_rules: tuple[str, ...] | None = None,
         explicit_parentheses: bool = False,
         with_namespace: bool = False,
-    ) -> t.Union[nodes.Tuple, nodes.Expr]:
+    ) -> nodes.Tuple | nodes.Expr:
         """Works like `parse_expression` but if multiple expressions are
         delimited by a comma a :class:`~jinja2.nodes.Tuple` node is created.
         This method could also return a regular expression instead of a tuple
@@ -720,7 +716,7 @@ class Parser:
             def parse() -> nodes.Expr:
                 return self.parse_expression(with_condexpr=with_condexpr)
 
-        args: t.List[nodes.Expr] = []
+        args: list[nodes.Expr] = []
         is_tuple = False
 
         while True:
@@ -753,7 +749,7 @@ class Parser:
 
     def parse_list(self) -> nodes.List:
         token = self.stream.expect("lbracket")
-        items: t.List[nodes.Expr] = []
+        items: list[nodes.Expr] = []
         while self.stream.current.type != "rbracket":
             if items:
                 self.stream.expect("comma")
@@ -765,7 +761,7 @@ class Parser:
 
     def parse_dict(self) -> nodes.Dict:
         token = self.stream.expect("lbrace")
-        items: t.List[nodes.Pair] = []
+        items: list[nodes.Pair] = []
         while self.stream.current.type != "rbrace":
             if items:
                 self.stream.expect("comma")
@@ -806,9 +802,7 @@ class Parser:
                 break
         return node
 
-    def parse_subscript(
-        self, node: nodes.Expr
-    ) -> t.Union[nodes.Getattr, nodes.Getitem]:
+    def parse_subscript(self, node: nodes.Expr) -> nodes.Getattr | nodes.Getitem:
         token = next(self.stream)
         arg: nodes.Expr
 
@@ -824,7 +818,7 @@ class Parser:
             arg = nodes.Const(attr_token.value, lineno=attr_token.lineno)
             return nodes.Getitem(node, arg, "load", lineno=token.lineno)
         if token.type == "lbracket":
-            args: t.List[nodes.Expr] = []
+            args: list[nodes.Expr] = []
             while self.stream.current.type != "rbracket":
                 if args:
                     self.stream.expect("comma")
@@ -839,7 +833,7 @@ class Parser:
 
     def parse_subscribed(self) -> nodes.Expr:
         lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
-        args: t.List[t.Optional[nodes.Expr]]
+        args: list[nodes.Expr | None]
 
         if self.stream.current.type == "colon":
             next(self.stream)
@@ -871,11 +865,11 @@ class Parser:
 
     def parse_call_args(
         self,
-    ) -> t.Tuple[
-        t.List[nodes.Expr],
-        t.List[nodes.Keyword],
-        t.Optional[nodes.Expr],
-        t.Optional[nodes.Expr],
+    ) -> tuple[
+        list[nodes.Expr],
+        list[nodes.Keyword],
+        nodes.Expr | None,
+        nodes.Expr | None,
     ]:
         token = self.stream.expect("lparen")
         args = []
@@ -933,8 +927,8 @@ class Parser:
         return nodes.Call(node, args, kwargs, dyn_args, dyn_kwargs, lineno=token.lineno)
 
     def parse_filter(
-        self, node: t.Optional[nodes.Expr], start_inline: bool = False
-    ) -> t.Optional[nodes.Expr]:
+        self, node: nodes.Expr | None, start_inline: bool = False
+    ) -> nodes.Expr | None:
         while self.stream.current.type == "pipe" or start_inline:
             if not start_inline:
                 next(self.stream)
@@ -967,7 +961,7 @@ class Parser:
             next(self.stream)
             name += "." + self.stream.expect("name").value
         dyn_args = dyn_kwargs = None
-        kwargs: t.List[nodes.Keyword] = []
+        kwargs: list[nodes.Keyword] = []
         if self.stream.current.type == "lparen":
             args, kwargs, dyn_args, dyn_kwargs = self.parse_call_args()
         elif self.stream.current.type in {
@@ -993,11 +987,9 @@ class Parser:
             node = nodes.Not(node, lineno=token.lineno)
         return node
 
-    def subparse(
-        self, end_tokens: t.Optional[t.Tuple[str, ...]] = None
-    ) -> t.List[nodes.Node]:
-        body: t.List[nodes.Node] = []
-        data_buffer: t.List[nodes.Node] = []
+    def subparse(self, end_tokens: tuple[str, ...] | None = None) -> list[nodes.Node]:
+        body: list[nodes.Node] = []
+        data_buffer: list[nodes.Node] = []
         add_data = data_buffer.append
 
         if end_tokens is not None:

src/jinja2/runtime.py

@@ -92,12 +92,12 @@ def str_join(seq: t.Iterable[t.Any]) -> str:
 
 def new_context(
     environment: "Environment",
-    template_name: t.Optional[str],
-    blocks: t.Dict[str, t.Callable[["Context"], t.Iterator[str]]],
-    vars: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]] = None,
+    template_name: str | None,
+    blocks: dict[str, t.Callable[["Context"], t.Iterator[str]]],
+    vars: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     shared: bool = False,
-    globals: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
-    locals: t.Optional[t.Mapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+    globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
+    locals: t.Mapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
 ) -> "Context":
     """Internal helper for context creation."""
     if vars is None:
@@ -165,16 +165,16 @@ class Context:
     def __init__(
         self,
         environment: "Environment",
-        parent: t.Dict[str, t.Any],
-        name: t.Optional[str],
-        blocks: t.Dict[str, t.Callable[["Context"], t.Iterator[str]]],
-        globals: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]] = None,
+        parent: dict[str, t.Any],
+        name: str | None,
+        blocks: dict[str, t.Callable[["Context"], t.Iterator[str]]],
+        globals: t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
     ):
         self.parent = parent
-        self.vars: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
+        self.vars: dict[str, t.Any] = {}
         self.environment: Environment = environment
         self.eval_ctx = EvalContext(self.environment, name)
-        self.exported_vars: t.Set[str] = set()
+        self.exported_vars: set[str] = set()
         self.name = name
         self.globals_keys = set() if globals is None else set(globals)
 
@@ -244,11 +244,11 @@ class Context:
 
         return missing
 
-    def get_exported(self) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
+    def get_exported(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
         """Get a new dict with the exported variables."""
         return {k: self.vars[k] for k in self.exported_vars}
 
-    def get_all(self) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
+    def get_all(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
         """Return the complete context as dict including the exported
         variables.  For optimizations reasons this might not return an
         actual copy so be careful with using it.
@@ -261,10 +261,10 @@ class Context:
 
     @internalcode
     def call(
-        __self,
+        __self,  # noqa: B902
         __obj: t.Callable[..., t.Any],
         *args: t.Any,
-        **kwargs: t.Any,  # noqa: B902
+        **kwargs: t.Any,
     ) -> t.Union[t.Any, "Undefined"]:
         """Call the callable with the arguments and keyword arguments
         provided but inject the active context or environment as first
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ class Context:
                 " StopIteration exception"
             )
 
-    def derived(self, locals: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]] = None) -> "Context":
+    def derived(self, locals: dict[str, t.Any] | None = None) -> "Context":
         """Internal helper function to create a derived context.  This is
         used in situations where the system needs a new context in the same
         template that is independent.
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ class BlockReference:
         self,
         name: str,
         context: "Context",
-        stack: t.List[t.Callable[["Context"], t.Iterator[str]]],
+        stack: list[t.Callable[["Context"], t.Iterator[str]]],
         depth: int,
     ) -> None:
         self.name = name
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ class LoopContext:
     #: Current iteration of the loop, starting at 0.
     index0 = -1
 
-    _length: t.Optional[int] = None
+    _length: int | None = None
     _after: t.Any = missing
     _current: t.Any = missing
     _before: t.Any = missing
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ class LoopContext:
     def __init__(
         self,
         iterable: t.Iterable[V],
-        undefined: t.Type["Undefined"],
+        undefined: type["Undefined"],
         recurse: t.Optional["LoopRenderFunc"] = None,
         depth0: int = 0,
     ) -> None:
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ class LoopContext:
     def __iter__(self) -> "LoopContext":
         return self
 
-    def __next__(self) -> t.Tuple[t.Any, "LoopContext"]:
+    def __next__(self) -> tuple[t.Any, "LoopContext"]:
         if self._after is not missing:
             rv = self._after
             self._after = missing
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ class AsyncLoopContext(LoopContext):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _to_iterator(  # type: ignore
-        iterable: t.Union[t.Iterable[V], t.AsyncIterable[V]],
+        iterable: t.Iterable[V] | t.AsyncIterable[V],
     ) -> t.AsyncIterator[V]:
         return auto_aiter(iterable)
 
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ class AsyncLoopContext(LoopContext):
     def __aiter__(self) -> "AsyncLoopContext":
         return self
 
-    async def __anext__(self) -> t.Tuple[t.Any, "AsyncLoopContext"]:
+    async def __anext__(self) -> tuple[t.Any, "AsyncLoopContext"]:
         if self._after is not missing:
             rv = self._after
             self._after = missing
@@ -667,11 +667,11 @@ class Macro:
         environment: "Environment",
         func: t.Callable[..., str],
         name: str,
-        arguments: t.List[str],
+        arguments: list[str],
         catch_kwargs: bool,
         catch_varargs: bool,
         caller: bool,
-        default_autoescape: t.Optional[bool] = None,
+        default_autoescape: bool | None = None,
     ):
         self._environment = environment
         self._func = func
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ class Macro:
 
         return self._invoke(arguments, autoescape)
 
-    async def _async_invoke(self, arguments: t.List[t.Any], autoescape: bool) -> str:
+    async def _async_invoke(self, arguments: list[t.Any], autoescape: bool) -> str:
         rv = await self._func(*arguments)  # type: ignore
 
         if autoescape:
@@ -777,7 +777,7 @@ class Macro:
 
         return rv  # type: ignore
 
-    def _invoke(self, arguments: t.List[t.Any], autoescape: bool) -> str:
+    def _invoke(self, arguments: list[t.Any], autoescape: bool) -> str:
         if self._environment.is_async:
             return self._async_invoke(arguments, autoescape)  # type: ignore
 
@@ -817,10 +817,10 @@ class Undefined:
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        hint: t.Optional[str] = None,
+        hint: str | None = None,
         obj: t.Any = missing,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        exc: t.Type[TemplateRuntimeError] = UndefinedError,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        exc: type[TemplateRuntimeError] = UndefinedError,
     ) -> None:
         self._undefined_hint = hint
         self._undefined_obj = obj
@@ -910,8 +910,8 @@ class Undefined:
 
 
 def make_logging_undefined(
-    logger: t.Optional["logging.Logger"] = None, base: t.Type[Undefined] = Undefined
-) -> t.Type[Undefined]:
+    logger: t.Optional["logging.Logger"] = None, base: type[Undefined] = Undefined
+) -> type[Undefined]:
     """Given a logger object this returns a new undefined class that will
     log certain failures.  It will log iterations and printing.  If no
     logger is given a default logger is created.

src/jinja2/sandbox.py

@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ F = t.TypeVar("F", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Any])
 MAX_RANGE = 100000
 
 #: Unsafe function attributes.
-UNSAFE_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTES: t.Set[str] = set()
+UNSAFE_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTES: set[str] = set()
 
 #: Unsafe method attributes. Function attributes are unsafe for methods too.
-UNSAFE_METHOD_ATTRIBUTES: t.Set[str] = set()
+UNSAFE_METHOD_ATTRIBUTES: set[str] = set()
 
 #: unsafe generator attributes.
 UNSAFE_GENERATOR_ATTRIBUTES = {"gi_frame", "gi_code"}
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ UNSAFE_COROUTINE_ATTRIBUTES = {"cr_frame", "cr_code"}
 #: unsafe attributes on async generators
 UNSAFE_ASYNC_GENERATOR_ATTRIBUTES = {"ag_code", "ag_frame"}
 
-_mutable_spec: t.Tuple[t.Tuple[t.Type[t.Any], t.FrozenSet[str]], ...] = (
+_mutable_spec: tuple[tuple[type[t.Any], frozenset[str]], ...] = (
     (
         abc.MutableSet,
         frozenset(
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
     #: default callback table for the binary operators.  A copy of this is
     #: available on each instance of a sandboxed environment as
     #: :attr:`binop_table`
-    default_binop_table: t.Dict[str, t.Callable[[t.Any, t.Any], t.Any]] = {
+    default_binop_table: dict[str, t.Callable[[t.Any, t.Any], t.Any]] = {
         "+": operator.add,
         "-": operator.sub,
         "*": operator.mul,
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
     #: default callback table for the unary operators.  A copy of this is
     #: available on each instance of a sandboxed environment as
     #: :attr:`unop_table`
-    default_unop_table: t.Dict[str, t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any]] = {
+    default_unop_table: dict[str, t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any]] = {
         "+": operator.pos,
         "-": operator.neg,
     }
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
     #: interested in.
     #:
     #: .. versionadded:: 2.6
-    intercepted_binops: t.FrozenSet[str] = frozenset()
+    intercepted_binops: frozenset[str] = frozenset()
 
     #: a set of unary operators that should be intercepted.  Each operator
     #: that is added to this set (empty by default) is delegated to the
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
     #: interested in.
     #:
     #: .. versionadded:: 2.6
-    intercepted_unops: t.FrozenSet[str] = frozenset()
+    intercepted_unops: frozenset[str] = frozenset()
 
     def __init__(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> None:
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -285,9 +285,7 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
         """
         return self.unop_table[operator](arg)
 
-    def getitem(
-        self, obj: t.Any, argument: t.Union[str, t.Any]
-    ) -> t.Union[t.Any, Undefined]:
+    def getitem(self, obj: t.Any, argument: str | t.Any) -> t.Any | Undefined:
         """Subscribe an object from sandboxed code."""
         try:
             return obj[argument]
@@ -311,7 +309,7 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
                         return self.unsafe_undefined(obj, argument)
         return self.undefined(obj=obj, name=argument)
 
-    def getattr(self, obj: t.Any, attribute: str) -> t.Union[t.Any, Undefined]:
+    def getattr(self, obj: t.Any, attribute: str) -> t.Any | Undefined:
         """Subscribe an object from sandboxed code and prefer the
         attribute.  The attribute passed *must* be a bytestring.
         """
@@ -341,7 +339,7 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
             exc=SecurityError,
         )
 
-    def wrap_str_format(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Optional[t.Callable[..., str]]:
+    def wrap_str_format(self, value: t.Any) -> t.Callable[..., str] | None:
         """If the given value is a ``str.format`` or ``str.format_map`` method,
         return a new function than handles sandboxing. This is done at access
         rather than in :meth:`call`, so that calls made without ``call`` are
@@ -357,7 +355,7 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
         if not isinstance(f_self, str):
             return None
 
-        str_type: t.Type[str] = type(f_self)
+        str_type: type[str] = type(f_self)
         is_format_map = value.__name__ == "format_map"
         formatter: SandboxedFormatter
 
@@ -421,7 +419,7 @@ class SandboxedFormatter(Formatter):
 
     def get_field(
         self, field_name: str, args: t.Sequence[t.Any], kwargs: t.Mapping[str, t.Any]
-    ) -> t.Tuple[t.Any, str]:
+    ) -> tuple[t.Any, str]:
         first, rest = formatter_field_name_split(field_name)
         obj = self.get_value(first, args, kwargs)
         for is_attr, i in rest:

src/jinja2/utils.py

@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ def import_string(import_name: str, silent: bool = False) -> t.Any:
             raise
 
 
-def open_if_exists(filename: str, mode: str = "rb") -> t.Optional[t.IO[t.Any]]:
+def open_if_exists(filename: str, mode: str = "rb") -> t.IO[t.Any] | None:
     """Returns a file descriptor for the filename if that file exists,
     otherwise ``None``.
     """
@@ -229,10 +229,10 @@ _email_re = re.compile(r"^\S+@\w[\w.-]*\.\w+$")
 
 def urlize(
     text: str,
-    trim_url_limit: t.Optional[int] = None,
-    rel: t.Optional[str] = None,
-    target: t.Optional[str] = None,
-    extra_schemes: t.Optional[t.Iterable[str]] = None,
+    trim_url_limit: int | None = None,
+    rel: str | None = None,
+    target: str | None = None,
+    extra_schemes: t.Iterable[str] | None = None,
 ) -> str:
     """Convert URLs in text into clickable links.
 
@@ -438,8 +438,8 @@ class LRUCache:
 
     def __init__(self, capacity: int) -> None:
         self.capacity = capacity
-        self._mapping: t.Dict[t.Any, t.Any] = {}
-        self._queue: te.Deque[t.Any] = deque()
+        self._mapping: dict[t.Any, t.Any] = {}
+        self._queue: deque[t.Any] = deque()
         self._postinit()
 
     def _postinit(self) -> None:
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ class LRUCache:
         self.__dict__.update(d)
         self._postinit()
 
-    def __getnewargs__(self) -> t.Tuple[t.Any, ...]:
+    def __getnewargs__(self) -> tuple[t.Any, ...]:
         return (self.capacity,)
 
     def copy(self) -> "te.Self":
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ class LRUCache:
             except ValueError:
                 pass
 
-    def items(self) -> t.Iterable[t.Tuple[t.Any, t.Any]]:
+    def items(self) -> t.Iterable[tuple[t.Any, t.Any]]:
         """Return a list of items."""
         result = [(key, self._mapping[key]) for key in list(self._queue)]
         result.reverse()
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ def select_autoescape(
     disabled_extensions: t.Collection[str] = (),
     default_for_string: bool = True,
     default: bool = False,
-) -> t.Callable[[t.Optional[str]], bool]:
+) -> t.Callable[[str | None], bool]:
     """Intelligently sets the initial value of autoescaping based on the
     filename of the template.  This is the recommended way to configure
     autoescaping if you do not want to write a custom function yourself.
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ def select_autoescape(
     enabled_patterns = tuple(f".{x.lstrip('.').lower()}" for x in enabled_extensions)
     disabled_patterns = tuple(f".{x.lstrip('.').lower()}" for x in disabled_extensions)
 
-    def autoescape(template_name: t.Optional[str]) -> bool:
+    def autoescape(template_name: str | None) -> bool:
         if template_name is None:
             return default_for_string
         template_name = template_name.lower()
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ def select_autoescape(
 
 
 def htmlsafe_json_dumps(
-    obj: t.Any, dumps: t.Optional[t.Callable[..., str]] = None, **kwargs: t.Any
+    obj: t.Any, dumps: t.Callable[..., str] | None = None, **kwargs: t.Any
 ) -> markupsafe.Markup:
     """Serialize an object to a string of JSON with :func:`json.dumps`,
     then replace HTML-unsafe characters with Unicode escapes and mark

src/jinja2/visitor.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class NodeVisitor:
     (return value `None`) the `generic_visit` visitor is used instead.
     """
 
-    def get_visitor(self, node: Node) -> "t.Optional[VisitCallable]":
+    def get_visitor(self, node: Node) -> "VisitCallable | None":
         """Return the visitor function for this node or `None` if no visitor
         exists for this node.  In that case the generic visit function is
         used instead.
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class NodeTransformer(NodeVisitor):
                     setattr(node, field, new_node)
         return node
 
-    def visit_list(self, node: Node, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.List[Node]:
+    def visit_list(self, node: Node, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> list[Node]:
         """As transformers may return lists in some places this method
         can be used to enforce a list as return value.
         """

tests/conftest.py

@@ -1,11 +1,22 @@
+import asyncio
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
+import trio
 
 from jinja2 import loaders
 from jinja2.environment import Environment
 
 
+def _asyncio_run(async_fn, *args):
+    return asyncio.run(async_fn(*args))
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(params=[_asyncio_run, trio.run], ids=["asyncio", "trio"])
+def run_async_fn(request):
+    return request.param
+
+
 @pytest.fixture
 def env():
     """returns a new environment."""

tests/test_async.py

@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-import asyncio
-
 import pytest
-import trio
 
 from jinja2 import ChainableUndefined
 from jinja2 import DictLoader
@@ -14,15 +11,6 @@ from jinja2.exceptions import UndefinedError
 from jinja2.nativetypes import NativeEnvironment
 
 
-def _asyncio_run(async_fn, *args):
-    return asyncio.run(async_fn(*args))
-
-
-@pytest.fixture(params=[_asyncio_run, trio.run], ids=["asyncio", "trio"])
-def run_async_fn(request):
-    return request.param
-
-
 def test_basic_async(run_async_fn):
     t = Template(
         "{% for item in [1, 2, 3] %}[{{ item }}]{% endfor %}", enable_async=True
@@ -461,9 +449,7 @@ class TestAsyncForLoop:
 
     def test_reversed_bug(self, test_env_async):
         tmpl = test_env_async.from_string(
-            "{% for i in items %}{{ i }}"
-            "{% if not loop.last %}"
-            ",{% endif %}{% endfor %}"
+            "{% for i in items %}{{ i }}{% if not loop.last %},{% endif %}{% endfor %}"
         )
         assert tmpl.render(items=reversed([3, 2, 1])) == "1,2,3"
 

tests/test_async_filters.py

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-import asyncio
 import contextlib
 from collections import namedtuple
 
 import pytest
-import trio
 from markupsafe import Markup
 
 from jinja2 import Environment
@@ -29,15 +27,6 @@ def env_async():
     return Environment(enable_async=True)
 
 
-def _asyncio_run(async_fn, *args):
-    return asyncio.run(async_fn(*args))
-
-
-@pytest.fixture(params=[_asyncio_run, trio.run], ids=["asyncio", "trio"])
-def run_async_fn(request):
-    return request.param
-
-
 @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
 async def closing_factory():
     async with contextlib.AsyncExitStack() as stack:

tests/test_core_tags.py

@@ -191,9 +191,7 @@ class TestForLoop:
 
     def test_reversed_bug(self, env):
         tmpl = env.from_string(
-            "{% for i in items %}{{ i }}"
-            "{% if not loop.last %}"
-            ",{% endif %}{% endfor %}"
+            "{% for i in items %}{{ i }}{% if not loop.last %},{% endif %}{% endfor %}"
         )
         assert tmpl.render(items=reversed([3, 2, 1])) == "1,2,3"
 

tests/test_debug.py

@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ class TestDebug:
 
         tb = format_exception(exc_info.type, exc_info.value, exc_info.tb)
         m = re.search(expected_tb.strip(), "".join(tb))
-        assert (
-            m is not None
-        ), f"Traceback did not match:\n\n{''.join(tb)}\nexpected:\n{expected_tb}"
+        assert m is not None, (
+            f"Traceback did not match:\n\n{''.join(tb)}\nexpected:\n{expected_tb}"
+        )
 
     def test_runtime_error(self, fs_env):
         def test():

tests/test_ext.py

@@ -554,8 +554,7 @@ class TestNewstyleInternationalization:
             newstyle=True,
         )
         t = env.from_string(
-            '{% autoescape ae %}{{ gettext("foo", name='
-            '"<test>") }}{% endautoescape %}'
+            '{% autoescape ae %}{{ gettext("foo", name="<test>") }}{% endautoescape %}'
         )
         assert t.render(ae=True) == "<strong>Wert: &lt;test&gt;</strong>"
         assert t.render(ae=False) == "<strong>Wert: <test></strong>"

tests/test_filters.py

@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ class TestFilter:
     def test_urlize(self, env):
         tmpl = env.from_string('{{ "foo example.org bar"|urlize }}')
         assert tmpl.render() == (
-            'foo <a href="https://example.org" rel="noopener">' "example.org</a> bar"
+            'foo <a href="https://example.org" rel="noopener">example.org</a> bar'
         )
         tmpl = env.from_string('{{ "foo http://www.example.com/ bar"|urlize }}')
         assert tmpl.render() == (

tests/test_lexnparse.py

@@ -43,8 +43,7 @@ class TestTokenStream:
 class TestLexer:
     def test_raw1(self, env):
         tmpl = env.from_string(
-            "{% raw %}foo{% endraw %}|"
-            "{%raw%}{{ bar }}|{% baz %}{%       endraw    %}"
+            "{% raw %}foo{% endraw %}|{%raw%}{{ bar }}|{% baz %}{%       endraw    %}"
         )
         assert tmpl.render() == "foo|{{ bar }}|{% baz %}"
 

tests/test_nativetypes.py

@@ -13,6 +13,11 @@ def env():
     return NativeEnvironment()
 
 
+@pytest.fixture
+def async_native_env():
+    return NativeEnvironment(enable_async=True)
+
+
 def test_is_defined_native_return(env):
     t = env.from_string("{{ missing is defined }}")
     assert not t.render()
@@ -122,6 +127,18 @@ def test_string_top_level(env):
     assert result == "Jinja"
 
 
+def test_string_concatenation(async_native_env, run_async_fn):
+    async def async_render():
+        t = async_native_env.from_string(
+            "{%- macro x(y) -%}{{ y }}{%- endmacro -%}{{- x('not') }} {{ x('bad') -}}"
+        )
+        result = await t.render_async()
+        assert isinstance(result, str)
+        assert result == "not bad"
+
+    run_async_fn(async_render)
+
+
 def test_tuple_of_variable_strings(env):
     t = env.from_string("'{{ a }}', 'data', '{{ b }}', b'{{ c }}'")
     result = t.render(a=1, b=2, c="bytes")

tox.ini

@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-[tox]
-envlist =
-    py3{13,12,11,10,9,8,7}
-    pypy310
-    style
-    typing
-    docs
-skip_missing_interpreters = true
-
-[testenv]
-package = wheel
-wheel_build_env = .pkg
-constrain_package_deps = true
-use_frozen_constraints = true
-deps = -r requirements/tests.txt
-commands = pytest -v --tb=short --basetemp={envtmpdir} {posargs}
-
-[testenv:py37,py3.7]
-deps = -r requirements/tests37.txt
-
-[testenv:style]
-deps = pre-commit
-skip_install = true
-commands = pre-commit run --all-files
-
-[testenv:typing]
-deps = -r requirements/typing.txt
-commands = mypy
-
-[testenv:docs]
-deps = -r requirements/docs.txt
-commands = sphinx-build -E -W -b dirhtml docs docs/_build/dirhtml
-
-[testenv:update-actions]
-labels = update
-deps = gha-update
-commands = gha-update
-
-[testenv:update-pre_commit]
-labels = update
-deps = pre-commit
-skip_install = true
-commands = pre-commit autoupdate -j4
-
-[testenv:update-requirements]
-labels = update
-deps = pip-tools
-skip_install = true
-change_dir = requirements
-commands =
-    pip-compile build.in -q {posargs:-U}
-    pip-compile docs.in -q {posargs:-U}
-    pip-compile tests.in -q {posargs:-U}
-    pip-compile typing.in -q {posargs:-U}
-    pip-compile dev.in -q {posargs:-U}
-
-[testenv:update-requirements37]
-base_python = 3.7
-labels = update
-deps = pip-tools
-skip_install = true
-change_dir = requirements
-commands = pip-compile tests.in -q -o tests37.txt {posargs:-U}