diff --git a/.github/CODEOWNERS b/.github/CODEOWNERS
index 73acab1db76..5de3b5f1a24 100644
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS
@@ -1208,6 +1208,7 @@ WORKSPACE.bazel @10gen/devprod-build @svc-auto-approve-bot
 /jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/**/cluster_parameters_disabled_correctly_after_downgrade.js @10gen/server-catalog-and-routing-routing-and-topology @svc-auto-approve-bot
 /jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/**/priority_port_downgrade_checks.js @10gen/server-catalog-and-routing-routing-and-topology @svc-auto-approve-bot
 /jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/**/*upgrade_downgrade_viewless_timeseries_*.js @10gen/server-catalog-and-routing-ddl @svc-auto-approve-bot
+/jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/**/s2_index_v4_downgrade.js @10gen/query-integration-features @svc-auto-approve-bot
 
 # The following patterns are parsed from ./jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/collection_write_path/OWNERS.yml
 /jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/collection_write_path/**/* @10gen/server-collection-write-path @svc-auto-approve-bot
diff --git a/etc/evergreen_yml_components/tasks/resmoke/server_divisions/query/tasks.yml b/etc/evergreen_yml_components/tasks/resmoke/server_divisions/query/tasks.yml
index 00eb4103a3e..07734a636ea 100644
--- a/etc/evergreen_yml_components/tasks/resmoke/server_divisions/query/tasks.yml
+++ b/etc/evergreen_yml_components/tasks/resmoke/server_divisions/query/tasks.yml
@@ -1952,7 +1952,7 @@ tasks:
           resmoke_args: >-
             --mongodSetParameters='{logComponentVerbosity: {command: 2}}'
             --runNoFeatureFlagTests
-          jstestfuzz_vars: --metaSeed 1726779665485 --jstestfuzzGitRev b25ed7c
+          jstestfuzz_vars: --metaSeed 1726779665485 --jstestfuzzGitRev d4c83dd
 
   # jstestfuzz standalone update time-series generational fuzzer ##
   - <<: *jstestfuzz_template
diff --git a/jstests/change_streams/ddl_create_drop_index_events.js b/jstests/change_streams/ddl_create_drop_index_events.js
index a6c12559509..bdfd722ad4c 100644
--- a/jstests/change_streams/ddl_create_drop_index_events.js
+++ b/jstests/change_streams/ddl_create_drop_index_events.js
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
  * ]
  */
 import {ChangeStreamTest} from "jstests/libs/query/change_stream_util.js";
+import {FeatureFlagUtil} from "jstests/libs/feature_flag_util.js";
+import {isStableFCVSuite} from "jstests/libs/feature_compatibility_version.js";
 
 const testDB = db.getSiblingDB(jsTestName());
 
@@ -112,7 +114,17 @@ function runTest(startChangeStream, pipeline, insertDataBeforeCreateIndex) {
     testCreateIndexAndDropIndex({f: "2d"}, options);
 
     // Test createIndex() for a 2dsphere index with various options, followed by dropIndex().
-    options = {name: "2dsphere", "2dsphereIndexVersion": 3};
+    // The 2dsphere index version depends on whether featureFlag2dsphereIndexVersion4 is enabled:
+    // - If enabled: defaults to version 4, which is included in change stream events.
+    // - If disabled: defaults to version 3, which is included in change stream events.
+    options = {name: "2dsphere"};
+    var twoDSphereIndexVersion = FeatureFlagUtil.isPresentAndEnabled(db, "2dsphereIndexVersion4") ? 4 : 3;
+    if (!isStableFCVSuite()) {
+        // If we are upgrading/downgrading the FCV, avoid having to drop any v4 indexes by pinning the version to 3
+        // TODO SERVER-118561 Remove this when 9.0 is last LTS.
+        twoDSphereIndexVersion = 3;
+    }
+    options["2dsphereIndexVersion"] = twoDSphereIndexVersion;
     testCreateIndexAndDropIndex({f: "2dsphere"}, options);
 
     // Test createIndexes() to create two sparse indexes (with one index being a compound index),
diff --git a/jstests/core/catalog/list_catalog_stage_consistency.js b/jstests/core/catalog/list_catalog_stage_consistency.js
index ab4196d1e1d..80abfab4869 100644
--- a/jstests/core/catalog/list_catalog_stage_consistency.js
+++ b/jstests/core/catalog/list_catalog_stage_consistency.js
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ import {
     getTimeseriesBucketsColl,
 } from "jstests/core/timeseries/libs/viewless_timeseries_util.js";
 import {assertCatalogListOperationsConsistencyForCollection} from "jstests/libs/catalog_list_operations_consistency_validator.js";
+import {FeatureFlagUtil} from "jstests/libs/feature_flag_util.js";
+import {isStableFCVSuite} from "jstests/libs/feature_compatibility_version.js";
 
 // Validate catalog list operations consistency after each command,
 // so that if an inconsistency is introduced, we fail immediately.
@@ -130,13 +132,19 @@ createIndexAndCheckConsistency(db.collection_simple, {f2dNonIntBits: "2d"}, {bit
 createIndexAndCheckConsistency(db.collection_simple, {f2dSphere: "2dsphere"});
 createIndexAndCheckConsistency(db.timeseries_simple, {"timestamp": 1});
 
+var twoDSphereIndexVersion = FeatureFlagUtil.isPresentAndEnabled(db, "2dsphereIndexVersion4") ? 4 : 3;
+if (!isStableFCVSuite()) {
+    // If we are upgrading/downgrading the FCV, avoid having to drop any v4 indexes by pinning the version to 3
+    // TODO SERVER-118561 Remove this when 9.0 is last LTS.
+    twoDSphereIndexVersion = 3;
+}
 // TODO(SERVER-97084): Remove when options for index plugins are denied in basic indexes.
 createIndexAndCheckConsistency(
     db.collection_simple,
     {fUnrelatedIndexPluginOptions: 1},
     {
         textIndexVersion: 3,
-        "2dsphereIndexVersion": 3,
+        "2dsphereIndexVersion": FeatureFlagUtil.isPresentAndEnabled(db, "2dsphereIndexVersion4") ? 4 : 3,
         bits: 26,
         min: -180,
         max: 180,
diff --git a/jstests/core/index/geo/geo_s2indexversion1.js b/jstests/core/index/geo/geo_s2indexversion1.js
index 6c4fed03297..011e6d4914c 100644
--- a/jstests/core/index/geo/geo_s2indexversion1.js
+++ b/jstests/core/index/geo/geo_s2indexversion1.js
@@ -7,9 +7,27 @@
 // Tests 2dsphere index option "2dsphereIndexVersion".  Verifies that GeoJSON objects that are new
 // in version 2 are not allowed in version 1.
 
+import {FeatureFlagUtil} from "jstests/libs/feature_flag_util.js";
+import {isStableFCVSuite} from "jstests/libs/feature_compatibility_version.js";
+
 let coll = db.getCollection("geo_s2indexversion1");
 coll.drop();
 
+/**
+ * Helper function to get the appropriate 2dsphere index version based on feature flag.
+ * Returns version 4 if the feature flag is enabled and we're in a stable FCV suite.
+ * Returns version 3 otherwise (to avoid having to drop v4 indexes during FCV transitions).
+ */
+function get2dsphereIndexVersion() {
+    const version = FeatureFlagUtil.isPresentAndEnabled(db, "2dsphereIndexVersion4") ? 4 : 3;
+    if (!isStableFCVSuite()) {
+        // If we are upgrading/downgrading the FCV, avoid having to drop any v4 indexes by pinning the version to 3.
+        // TODO SERVER-118561 Remove this when 9.0 is last LTS.
+        return 3;
+    }
+    return version;
+}
+
 //
 // Index build should fail for invalid values of "2dsphereIndexVersion".
 //
@@ -23,7 +41,7 @@ res = coll.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"}, {"2dsphereIndexVersion": 0});
 assert.commandFailed(res);
 coll.drop();
 
-res = coll.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"}, {"2dsphereIndexVersion": 4});
+res = coll.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"}, {"2dsphereIndexVersion": 5});
 assert.commandFailed(res);
 coll.drop();
 
@@ -71,16 +89,51 @@ res = coll.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"}, {"2dsphereIndexVersion": NumberLong(2)
 assert.commandWorked(res);
 coll.drop();
 
-//
-// {2dsphereIndexVersion: 3} should be the default for new indexes.
-//
+res = coll.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"}, {"2dsphereIndexVersion": 3});
+assert.commandWorked(res);
+coll.drop();
 
-res = coll.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"});
+res = coll.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"}, {"2dsphereIndexVersion": NumberInt(3)});
+assert.commandWorked(res);
+coll.drop();
+
+res = coll.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"}, {"2dsphereIndexVersion": NumberLong(3)});
+assert.commandWorked(res);
+coll.drop();
+
+const kDefault2dSphereIndexVersion = get2dsphereIndexVersion();
+
+if (kDefault2dSphereIndexVersion == 4) {
+    res = coll.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"}, {"2dsphereIndexVersion": 4});
+    assert.commandWorked(res);
+    coll.drop();
+
+    res = coll.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"}, {"2dsphereIndexVersion": NumberInt(4)});
+    assert.commandWorked(res);
+    coll.drop();
+
+    res = coll.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"}, {"2dsphereIndexVersion": NumberLong(4)});
+    assert.commandWorked(res);
+    coll.drop();
+}
+
+//
+// The default 2dsphere index version should match what the feature flag determines.
+// Avoid allowing default version in background fcv upgrade/downgrade tests.
+//
+const options = {
+    name: "geo_2dsphere",
+};
+// TODO SERVER-118561 Remove this when 9.0 is last LTS.
+if (!isStableFCVSuite()) {
+    options["2dsphereIndexVersion"] = get2dsphereIndexVersion(); // Note this will always be v3.
+}
+res = coll.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"}, options);
 assert.commandWorked(res);
 let specObj = coll.getIndexes().filter(function (z) {
     return z.name == "geo_2dsphere";
 })[0];
-assert.eq(3, specObj["2dsphereIndexVersion"]);
+assert.eq(kDefault2dSphereIndexVersion, specObj["2dsphereIndexVersion"]);
 coll.drop();
 
 //
diff --git a/jstests/core/query/geo/geo_extra_fields.js b/jstests/core/query/geo/geo_extra_fields.js
index 32e3386ffb2..5fc95e96442 100644
--- a/jstests/core/query/geo/geo_extra_fields.js
+++ b/jstests/core/query/geo/geo_extra_fields.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // This test verifies that queries on GeoJSON work regardless of extra fields and their
 // position in respect to the GeoJSON fields.
 // @tags: [
-//   requires_fcv_82,
+//   requires_fcv_83,
 //   # geoNear requires setup such as a optimizations to be enabled for TS. See timeseries_geonear.js
 //   exclude_from_timeseries_crud_passthrough,
 // ]
diff --git a/jstests/core/query/index_key_expression.js b/jstests/core/query/index_key_expression.js
index 08d66fa9ceb..783139d88fd 100644
--- a/jstests/core/query/index_key_expression.js
+++ b/jstests/core/query/index_key_expression.js
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
  * ]
  */
 import {FeatureFlagUtil} from "jstests/libs/feature_flag_util.js";
+import {isStableFCVSuite} from "jstests/libs/feature_compatibility_version.js";
 
 // TODO (SERVER-117130): Remove the mongos pinning once the related issue is resolved.
 // When a database is dropped, a stale router will report "database not found" error for
@@ -20,6 +21,21 @@ if (TestData.pauseMigrationsDuringMultiUpdates) {
 
 const collection = db.index_key_expression;
 
+/**
+ * Helper function to get the appropriate 2dsphere index version based on feature flag.
+ * Returns version 4 if the feature flag is enabled and we're in a stable FCV suite.
+ * Returns version 3 otherwise (to avoid having to drop v4 indexes during FCV transitions).
+ */
+function get2dsphereIndexVersion() {
+    const version = FeatureFlagUtil.isPresentAndEnabled(db, "2dsphereIndexVersion4") ? 4 : 3;
+    if (!isStableFCVSuite()) {
+        // If we are upgrading/downgrading the FCV, avoid having to drop any v4 indexes by pinning the version to 3.
+        // TODO SERVER-118561 Remove this when 9.0 is last LTS.
+        return 3;
+    }
+    return version;
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns the hash of the provided BSON element that is compatible with 'hashed' indexes.
  */
@@ -27,6 +43,9 @@ function getHash(bsonElement) {
     return assert.commandWorked(db.runCommand({_hashBSONElement: bsonElement, seed: 0})).out;
 }
 
+// Get the appropriate 2dsphere index version for this test run.
+const twoDSphereIndexVersion = get2dsphereIndexVersion();
+
 // A dictionary consisting of various test scenarios that must be run against the
 // '$_internalIndexKey'.
 //
@@ -594,7 +613,7 @@ const testScenarios = [
         },
         spec: {
             key: {"data.geo": "2dsphere_bucket"},
-            "2dsphereIndexVersion": 3,
+            "2dsphereIndexVersion": twoDSphereIndexVersion,
             name: "2dsphereBucketIndex",
         },
         expectedIndexKeys: [
@@ -618,7 +637,7 @@ const testScenarios = [
         },
         spec: {
             key: {"data.geo1": "2dsphere_bucket", "data.geo2": "2dsphere_bucket"},
-            "2dsphereIndexVersion": 3,
+            "2dsphereIndexVersion": twoDSphereIndexVersion,
             name: "2dsphereBucketIndex",
         },
         expectedIndexKeys: [
@@ -656,7 +675,7 @@ const testScenarios = [
         },
         spec: {
             key: {"data.geo2": "2dsphere_bucket", "data.geo1": "2dsphere_bucket"},
-            "2dsphereIndexVersion": 3,
+            "2dsphereIndexVersion": twoDSphereIndexVersion,
             name: "2dsphereBucketIndex",
         },
         expectedIndexKeys: [
@@ -694,7 +713,7 @@ const testScenarios = [
         },
         spec: {
             key: {"data.geo1": "2dsphere_bucket", "data.geo2": 1},
-            "2dsphereIndexVersion": 3,
+            "2dsphereIndexVersion": twoDSphereIndexVersion,
             name: "2dsphereBucketIndex",
         },
         expectedIndexKeys: [
@@ -726,7 +745,7 @@ const testScenarios = [
         },
         spec: {
             key: {"data.none1": "2dsphere_bucket"},
-            "2dsphereIndexVersion": 3,
+            "2dsphereIndexVersion": twoDSphereIndexVersion,
             name: "2dsphereBucketIndex",
         },
         expectedIndexKeys: [],
@@ -738,7 +757,7 @@ const testScenarios = [
         },
         spec: {
             key: {"data.geo": "2dsphere_bucket"},
-            "2dsphereIndexVersion": 3,
+            "2dsphereIndexVersion": twoDSphereIndexVersion,
             name: "2dsphereBucketIndex",
         },
         expectedErrorCode: 183934, // Can't extract geo keys: unknown GeoJSON type.
@@ -754,7 +773,7 @@ const testScenarios = [
         },
         spec: {
             key: {"data.geo": "2dsphere_bucket"},
-            "2dsphereIndexVersion": 3,
+            "2dsphereIndexVersion": twoDSphereIndexVersion,
             name: "2dsphereBucketIndex",
         },
         expectedErrorCode: 6540600, // Time-series bucket documents must have 'control' object present.
diff --git a/jstests/core/timeseries/ddl/timeseries_index.js b/jstests/core/timeseries/ddl/timeseries_index.js
index 1e012f5589a..2f7bdbeb6ba 100644
--- a/jstests/core/timeseries/ddl/timeseries_index.js
+++ b/jstests/core/timeseries/ddl/timeseries_index.js
@@ -94,6 +94,31 @@ TimeseriesTest.run((insert) => {
         return new Date(date - (date % 60000));
     };
 
+    /**
+     * Helper function to check if an index spec contains a 2dsphere index.
+     */
+    const has2dsphereIndex = function (spec) {
+        for (const key in spec) {
+            if (spec[key] === "2dsphere") {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Helper function to add 2dsphereIndexVersion: 3 to options if the spec contains a 2dsphere index.
+     * TODO SERVER-118561 Remove this and use the default server-selected version when 9.0 is last LTS.
+     */
+    const add2dsphereVersionIfNeeded = function (spec, options = {}) {
+        if (has2dsphereIndex(spec) && TestData.isRunningFCVUpgradeDowngradeSuite) {
+            // Pin the index version to v3 when upgrading/downgrading FCV during the test run,
+            // such that we don't need to drop v4 indexes to downgrade the FCV.
+            options["2dsphereIndexVersion"] = 3;
+        }
+        return options;
+    };
+
     /**
      * Tests time-series
      *   - createIndex
@@ -140,7 +165,10 @@ TimeseriesTest.run((insert) => {
 
         // Insert data on the time-series collection and index it.
         assert.commandWorked(insert(coll, doc), "failed to insert doc: " + tojson(doc));
-        assert.commandWorked(coll.createIndex(spec), "failed to create index: " + tojson(spec));
+        assert.commandWorked(
+            coll.createIndex(spec, add2dsphereVersionIfNeeded(spec)),
+            "failed to create index: " + tojson(spec),
+        );
         assertIndexExists(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
         assertIndexNotHidden(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
 
@@ -205,14 +233,20 @@ TimeseriesTest.run((insert) => {
         );
 
         // Check that we are able to drop the index by name (single name and array of names).
-        assert.commandWorked(coll.createIndex(spec, {name: "myindex1"}), "failed to create index: " + tojson(spec));
+        assert.commandWorked(
+            coll.createIndex(spec, add2dsphereVersionIfNeeded(spec, {name: "myindex1"})),
+            "failed to create index: " + tojson(spec),
+        );
         assertIndexExists(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
         assertIndexNotHidden(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
 
         assert.commandWorked(coll.dropIndex("myindex1"), "failed to drop index: myindex1");
         assertIndexNotExists(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
 
-        assert.commandWorked(coll.createIndex(spec, {name: "myindex2"}), "failed to create index: " + tojson(spec));
+        assert.commandWorked(
+            coll.createIndex(spec, add2dsphereVersionIfNeeded(spec, {name: "myindex2"})),
+            "failed to create index: " + tojson(spec),
+        );
         assertIndexExists(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
         assertIndexNotHidden(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
 
@@ -220,7 +254,10 @@ TimeseriesTest.run((insert) => {
         assertIndexNotExists(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
 
         // Check that we are able to hide and unhide the index by name.
-        assert.commandWorked(coll.createIndex(spec, {name: "hide1"}), "failed to create index: " + tojson(spec));
+        assert.commandWorked(
+            coll.createIndex(spec, add2dsphereVersionIfNeeded(spec, {name: "hide1"})),
+            "failed to create index: " + tojson(spec),
+        );
 
         assertIndexExists(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
         assertIndexNotHidden(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
@@ -247,7 +284,10 @@ TimeseriesTest.run((insert) => {
         assertIndexNotExists(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
 
         // Check that we are able to hide and unhide the index by key.
-        assert.commandWorked(coll.createIndex(spec, {name: "hide2"}), "failed to create index: " + tojson(spec));
+        assert.commandWorked(
+            coll.createIndex(spec, add2dsphereVersionIfNeeded(spec, {name: "hide2"})),
+            "failed to create index: " + tojson(spec),
+        );
         assertIndexExists(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
         assertIndexNotHidden(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
 
@@ -273,7 +313,7 @@ TimeseriesTest.run((insert) => {
 
         // Check that we are able to create the index as hidden.
         assert.commandWorked(
-            coll.createIndex(spec, {name: "hide3", hidden: true}),
+            coll.createIndex(spec, add2dsphereVersionIfNeeded(spec, {name: "hide3", hidden: true})),
             "failed to create index: " + tojson(spec),
         );
         assertIndexExists(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
@@ -297,7 +337,7 @@ TimeseriesTest.run((insert) => {
         // Check that user hints on queries will be allowed and will reference the raw indexes on
         // the buckets directly.
         assert.commandWorked(
-            coll.createIndex(spec, {name: "index_for_hint_test"}),
+            coll.createIndex(spec, add2dsphereVersionIfNeeded(spec, {name: "index_for_hint_test"})),
             "failed to create index index_for_hint_test: " + tojson(spec),
         );
         assertIndexExists(coll, spec, bucketSpec);
diff --git a/jstests/core/timeseries/ddl/timeseries_metric_index_2dsphere.js b/jstests/core/timeseries/ddl/timeseries_metric_index_2dsphere.js
index 0b8f8e14f63..2bc79f4ba4e 100644
--- a/jstests/core/timeseries/ddl/timeseries_metric_index_2dsphere.js
+++ b/jstests/core/timeseries/ddl/timeseries_metric_index_2dsphere.js
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 import {getTimeseriesCollForRawOps, kRawOperationSpec} from "jstests/core/libs/raw_operation_utils.js";
 import {TimeseriesTest} from "jstests/core/timeseries/libs/timeseries.js";
 import {getAggPlanStage} from "jstests/libs/query/analyze_plan.js";
+import {FeatureFlagUtil} from "jstests/libs/feature_flag_util.js";
+import {isStableFCVSuite} from "jstests/libs/feature_compatibility_version.js";
 
 TimeseriesTest.run((insert) => {
     const testdb = db.getSiblingDB(jsTestName() + "_db");
@@ -51,17 +53,38 @@ TimeseriesTest.run((insert) => {
     // Create a 2dsphere index on the time-series collection.
     const twoDSphereTimeseriesIndexSpec = {"location": "2dsphere"};
     const twoDSphereTimeseriesIndexName = "location_2dsphere";
+    const options = {
+        name: twoDSphereTimeseriesIndexName,
+    };
+    // TODO SERVER-118561 Remove this and use the default server-selected version when 9.0 is last LTS.
+    if (TestData.isRunningFCVUpgradeDowngradeSuite) {
+        // Pin the index version to v3 when upgrading/downgrading FCV during the test run,
+        // such that we don't need to drop v4 indexes to downgrade the FCV.
+        // Otherwise, use the default version.
+        options["2dsphereIndexVersion"] = 3;
+    }
     assert.commandWorked(
-        timeseriescoll.createIndex(twoDSphereTimeseriesIndexSpec, {
-            name: twoDSphereTimeseriesIndexName,
-            "2dsphereIndexVersion": 3,
-        }),
+        timeseriescoll.createIndex(twoDSphereTimeseriesIndexSpec, options),
         "Failed to create a 2dsphere index with: " + tojson(twoDSphereTimeseriesIndexSpec),
     );
 
     // Verify that the 2dsphereIndexVersion field is visible on the collection.
     const created = timeseriescoll.getIndexes().filter((idx) => idx.name === twoDSphereTimeseriesIndexName)[0];
-    assert.eq(created["2dsphereIndexVersion"], 3, "Created index does not have version field.");
+
+    // Build set of allowed versions. Skip v3 if feature flag is enabled and we're in a stable FCV suite.
+    const allowedVersions = new Set([4]);
+    const shouldSkipV3 = FeatureFlagUtil.isPresentAndEnabled(testdb, "2dsphereIndexVersion4") && isStableFCVSuite();
+    if (!shouldSkipV3) {
+        // TODO SERVER-118561 We can remove this when 9.0 becomes last LTS.
+        allowedVersions.add(3);
+    }
+    assert(
+        allowedVersions.has(created["2dsphereIndexVersion"]),
+        "Created index does not have valid version field. Expected one of: " +
+            Array.from(allowedVersions).join(", ") +
+            ", got: " +
+            created["2dsphereIndexVersion"],
+    );
     // Insert a 2dsphere index usable document.
     const twoDSphereDocs = [
         {
diff --git a/jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/OWNERS.yml b/jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/OWNERS.yml
index 03ad6000ee8..a18e9cd3e32 100644
--- a/jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/OWNERS.yml
+++ b/jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/OWNERS.yml
@@ -42,3 +42,6 @@ filters:
   - "*upgrade_downgrade_viewless_timeseries_*.js":
     approvers:
       - 10gen/server-catalog-and-routing-ddl
+  - "s2_index_v4_downgrade.js":
+    approvers:
+      - 10gen/query-integration-features
diff --git a/jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/s2_index_v4_downgrade.js b/jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/s2_index_v4_downgrade.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..731bf14895e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jstests/multiVersion/genericSetFCVUsage/s2_index_v4_downgrade.js
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+/**
+ * Tests that downgrading FCV below 8.3 fails when v4 2dsphere indexes exist.
+ * This test covers both sharded clusters and replica sets.
+ *
+ * This test:
+ * 1. Starts a sharded cluster and replica set with latest version
+ * 2. Creates some v4 2dsphere indexes
+ * 3. Attempts to downgrade FCV to 8.0
+ * 4. Validates that the FCV downgrade fails with CannotDowngrade error
+ * 5. Drops the v4 indexes
+ * 6. Attempts to downgrade FCV again and validates that it succeeds
+ * 7. Tests that v3 2dsphere indexes can be created on 8.3 binary with FCV 8.0
+ *
+ * TODO SERVER-118561 Remove this test file when 9.0 is last LTS.
+ */
+
+import "jstests/multiVersion/libs/verify_versions.js";
+
+import {ReplSetTest} from "jstests/libs/replsettest.js";
+import {ShardingTest} from "jstests/libs/shardingtest.js";
+
+const targetDowngradeVersion = "8.0";
+
+/**
+ * Runs the v4 2dsphere index downgrade test against the provided connection.
+ * @param {Mongo} conn - The connection to run the test against (mongos or replica set primary)
+ * @param {string} testName - The name of the test for logging purposes
+ */
+function runS2IndexV4DowngradeTest(conn, testName) {
+    jsTest.log.info(
+        `Starting test: ${testName} - downgrading FCV below 8.3 should fail when v4 2dsphere indexes exist`,
+    );
+
+    const testDB = conn.getDB(jsTestName() + "_" + testName.replace(/\s+/g, "_"));
+    const coll = testDB.getCollection("geo_coll");
+
+    // Verify we're on latest FCV.
+    const adminDB = conn.getDB("admin");
+    checkFCV(adminDB, latestFCV);
+
+    jsTest.log.info(`[${testName}] Creating v4 2dsphere indexes`);
+
+    // Create a collection and insert some documents with geo data.
+    assert.commandWorked(
+        coll.insert([
+            {_id: 1, location: {type: "Point", coordinates: [40, -70]}},
+            {_id: 2, location: {type: "Point", coordinates: [41, -71]}},
+            {_id: 3, location: {type: "Point", coordinates: [42, -72]}},
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // Create multiple v4 2dsphere indexes.
+    assert.commandWorked(
+        coll.createIndex({location: "2dsphere"}, {"2dsphereIndexVersion": 4}),
+        "Failed to create first v4 2dsphere index",
+    );
+
+    // Create another v4 index on a different collection.
+    const coll2 = testDB.getCollection("geo_coll2");
+    assert.commandWorked(coll2.insert([{_id: 1, geo: {type: "Point", coordinates: [50, -80]}}]));
+    assert.commandWorked(
+        coll2.createIndex({geo: "2dsphere"}, {"2dsphereIndexVersion": 4}),
+        "Failed to create second v4 2dsphere index",
+    );
+
+    // Verify the indexes were created with version 4.
+    const indexes1 = coll.getIndexes();
+    const locationIndex = indexes1.find((idx) => idx.name === "location_2dsphere");
+    assert.neq(null, locationIndex, "location_2dsphere index not found");
+    assert.eq(4, locationIndex["2dsphereIndexVersion"], "Index should have version 4");
+
+    const indexes2 = coll2.getIndexes();
+    const geoIndex = indexes2.find((idx) => idx.name === "geo_2dsphere");
+    assert.neq(null, geoIndex, "geo_2dsphere index not found");
+    assert.eq(4, geoIndex["2dsphereIndexVersion"], "Index should have version 4");
+
+    jsTest.log.info(`[${testName}] Attempting to downgrade FCV to ${targetDowngradeVersion}`);
+    const downgradeFCV = binVersionToFCV(targetDowngradeVersion);
+
+    // Attempt to downgrade FCV - this should fail due to v4 indexes.
+    jsTest.log.info(`[${testName}] Setting FCV to ${downgradeFCV} - this should fail due to v4 indexes`);
+    const fcvResult = adminDB.runCommand({
+        setFeatureCompatibilityVersion: downgradeFCV,
+        confirm: true,
+    });
+
+    // The downgrade should fail with CannotDowngrade error.
+    assert.commandFailedWithCode(
+        fcvResult,
+        ErrorCodes.CannotDowngrade,
+        "FCV downgrade should have failed due to v4 indexes",
+    );
+
+    jsTest.log.info(`[${testName}] FCV downgrade failed as expected: ${tojson(fcvResult)}`);
+    assert(
+        fcvResult.errmsg.includes("2dsphere") || fcvResult.errmsg.includes("version 4"),
+        "Error message should mention 2dsphere indexes or version 4",
+    );
+
+    // Verify FCV is still at latest (downgrade should not have proceeded).
+    checkFCV(adminDB, latestFCV);
+
+    // Verify indexes still exist.
+    assert.neq(
+        null,
+        coll.getIndexes().find((idx) => idx.name === "location_2dsphere"),
+    );
+    assert.neq(
+        null,
+        coll2.getIndexes().find((idx) => idx.name === "geo_2dsphere"),
+    );
+
+    jsTest.log.info(`[${testName}] Dropping v4 2dsphere indexes`);
+
+    // Drop the v4 indexes.
+    assert.commandWorked(coll.dropIndex("location_2dsphere"), "Failed to drop location_2dsphere index");
+    assert.commandWorked(coll2.dropIndex("geo_2dsphere"), "Failed to drop geo_2dsphere index");
+
+    // Verify indexes are dropped.
+    assert.eq(
+        null,
+        coll.getIndexes().find((idx) => idx.name === "location_2dsphere"),
+    );
+    assert.eq(
+        null,
+        coll2.getIndexes().find((idx) => idx.name === "geo_2dsphere"),
+    );
+
+    jsTest.log.info(
+        `[${testName}] Attempting to downgrade FCV to ${targetDowngradeVersion} again after dropping indexes`,
+    );
+
+    // Now attempt to downgrade FCV again - this should succeed.
+    const fcvResult2 = adminDB.runCommand({
+        setFeatureCompatibilityVersion: downgradeFCV,
+        confirm: true,
+    });
+
+    // The downgrade should succeed now that v4 indexes are removed.
+    assert.commandWorked(fcvResult2, "FCV downgrade should succeed after dropping v4 indexes");
+
+    // Verify FCV was downgraded.
+    checkFCV(adminDB, downgradeFCV);
+    jsTest.log.info(
+        `[${testName}] Test completed successfully: FCV downgrade correctly failed with v4 indexes and succeeded after dropping them`,
+    );
+
+    // Test that v3 2dsphere indexes can be created on 8.3 binary with FCV 8.0.
+    jsTest.log.info(`[${testName}] Testing v3 2dsphere index creation with FCV ${downgradeFCV}`);
+
+    const coll3 = testDB.getCollection("geo_coll_v3");
+
+    // Insert test documents with geo data.
+    assert.commandWorked(
+        coll3.insert([
+            {_id: 1, location: {type: "Point", coordinates: [40, -70]}},
+            {_id: 2, location: {type: "Point", coordinates: [41, -71]}},
+            {_id: 3, location: {type: "Point", coordinates: [42, -72]}},
+        ]),
+    );
+
+    // Create a v3 2dsphere index (new default value) - this should succeed on 8.3 binary with FCV 8.0.
+    assert.commandWorked(
+        coll3.createIndex({location: "2dsphere"}),
+        `Failed to create v3 2dsphere index with FCV ${downgradeFCV}`,
+    );
+
+    // Verify the index was created with version 3.
+    const indexes3 = coll3.getIndexes();
+    const locationIndexV3 = indexes3.find((idx) => idx.name === "location_2dsphere");
+    assert.neq(null, locationIndexV3, "location_2dsphere index not found");
+    assert.eq(3, locationIndexV3["2dsphereIndexVersion"], "Index should have version 3");
+
+    jsTest.log.info(`[${testName}] Successfully created v3 2dsphere index on 8.3 binary with FCV 8.0`);
+
+    // Verify the index works by running a simple query.
+    const result = coll3
+        .find({
+            location: {
+                $near: {
+                    $geometry: {type: "Point", coordinates: [40, -70]},
+                    $maxDistance: 1000000,
+                },
+            },
+        })
+        .toArray();
+    assert.gte(result.length, 1, "Query using v3 2dsphere index should return results");
+
+    jsTest.log.info(`[${testName}] v3 2dsphere index creation works on 8.3 binary with FCV 8.0`);
+
+    // Clean up the test database.
+    assert.commandWorked(testDB.dropDatabase());
+}
+
+// Test with sharded cluster.
+(function testShardedCluster() {
+    const st = new ShardingTest({shards: 1, mongos: 1});
+    try {
+        runS2IndexV4DowngradeTest(st.s, "sharded cluster");
+    } finally {
+        st.stop();
+    }
+})();
+
+// Test with replica set.
+(function testReplicaSet() {
+    const rst = new ReplSetTest({nodes: 3});
+    rst.startSet();
+    rst.initiate();
+    try {
+        runS2IndexV4DowngradeTest(rst.getPrimary(), "replica set");
+    } finally {
+        rst.stopSet();
+    }
+})();
diff --git a/jstests/with_mongot/e2e/views/mongot_indexed_views_upgrade_downgrade.js b/jstests/with_mongot/e2e/views/mongot_indexed_views_upgrade_downgrade.js
index 13ed6cd337d..1a4159f5f3d 100644
--- a/jstests/with_mongot/e2e/views/mongot_indexed_views_upgrade_downgrade.js
+++ b/jstests/with_mongot/e2e/views/mongot_indexed_views_upgrade_downgrade.js
@@ -35,7 +35,51 @@ const vectorSearchIndexDef = {
 
 const adminDB = testDb.getMongo().getDB("admin");
 
+/**
+ * Drops all v4 2dsphere indexes from all collections in all databases.
+ * This is necessary before downgrading FCV below 8.3, as v4 indexes are not supported.
+ */
+function dropAllV4_2dsphereIndexes() {
+    const mongo = adminDB.getMongo();
+    const dbNames = mongo.getDBNames();
+
+    for (const dbName of dbNames) {
+        const db = mongo.getDB(dbName);
+        // Use getCollectionInfos to get only collections (not views)
+        const collInfos = db.getCollectionInfos({type: "collection"});
+
+        for (const collInfo of collInfos) {
+            const collName = collInfo.name;
+            // Skip system collections
+            if (collName.startsWith("system.")) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const coll = db.getCollection(collName);
+            const indexes = coll.getIndexes();
+
+            for (const index of indexes) {
+                // Check if this is a v4 2dsphere index
+                if (index.key) {
+                    const keyFields = Object.keys(index.key);
+                    const has2dsphere = keyFields.some((field) => index.key[field] === "2dsphere");
+
+                    if (has2dsphere && index["2dsphereIndexVersion"] === 4) {
+                        jsTest.log.info(
+                            "Dropping v4 2dsphere index: " + index.name + " on collection " + dbName + "." + collName,
+                        );
+                        assert.commandWorked(coll.dropIndex(index.name));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 function upgradeDowngradeFCV(commands) {
+    // Drop any v4 2dsphere indexes before downgrading, as they are not supported below FCV 8.3.
+    dropAllV4_2dsphereIndexes();
+
     // Downgrade to lastLTSFCV (8.0).
     assert.commandWorked(adminDB.runCommand({setFeatureCompatibilityVersion: lastLTSFCV, confirm: true}));
 
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/commands/set_feature_compatibility_version_command.cpp b/src/mongo/db/commands/set_feature_compatibility_version_command.cpp
index bcaa5159d7c..fa93072731c 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/commands/set_feature_compatibility_version_command.cpp
+++ b/src/mongo/db/commands/set_feature_compatibility_version_command.cpp
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@
 #include "mongo/db/global_catalog/ddl/sharding_ddl_util.h"
 #include "mongo/db/global_catalog/ddl/shardsvr_join_ddl_coordinators_request_gen.h"
 #include "mongo/db/global_catalog/type_shard_identity.h"
+#include "mongo/db/index_builds/index_builds_coordinator.h"
+#include "mongo/db/index_names.h"
 #include "mongo/db/logical_time.h"
 #include "mongo/db/namespace_string.h"
 #include "mongo/db/operation_context.h"
@@ -1552,6 +1554,48 @@ private:
                     "Please run ReplSetReconfig to remove priority ports prior to downgrade",
                     replConfig.getCountOfMembersWithPriorityPort() == 0);
         }
+
+        // Check for v4 2dsphere indexes when downgrading below 8.3
+        if (feature_flags::gFeatureFlag2dsphereIndexVersion4
+                .isDisabledOnTargetFCVButEnabledOnOriginalFCV(requestedVersion, originalVersion)) {
+            static const std::string kIndexVersionFieldName("2dsphereIndexVersion");
+            for (const auto& dbName : DatabaseHolder::get(opCtx)->getNames()) {
+                Lock::DBLock dbLock(opCtx, dbName, MODE_IS);
+                catalog::forEachCollectionFromDb(
+                    opCtx, dbName, MODE_IS, [&](const Collection* collection) -> bool {
+                        auto indexCatalog = collection->getIndexCatalog();
+                        auto indexIterator = indexCatalog->getIndexIterator(
+                            IndexCatalog::InclusionPolicy::kReady |
+                            IndexCatalog::InclusionPolicy::kUnfinished);
+                        while (indexIterator->more()) {
+                            const IndexCatalogEntry* entry = indexIterator->next();
+                            const IndexDescriptor* descriptor = entry->descriptor();
+                            const BSONObj& infoObj = descriptor->infoObj();
+
+                            // Check if this is a 2dsphere index
+                            if (descriptor->getAccessMethodName() == IndexNames::GEO_2DSPHERE ||
+                                descriptor->getAccessMethodName() ==
+                                    IndexNames::GEO_2DSPHERE_BUCKET) {
+                                BSONElement versionElt = infoObj[kIndexVersionFieldName];
+                                if (versionElt.isNumber() && versionElt.numberInt() == 4) {
+                                    uasserted(
+                                        ErrorCodes::CannotDowngrade,
+                                        fmt::format(
+                                            "Cannot downgrade the cluster when there are 2dsphere "
+                                            "indexes with version 4. Version 4 indexes require "
+                                            "FCV 8.3 or higher. Please drop the index(es) before "
+                                            "downgrading. First detected index: {} on collection "
+                                            "{} (UUID: {}).",
+                                            descriptor->indexName(),
+                                            collection->ns().toStringForErrorMsg(),
+                                            collection->uuid().toString()));
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        return true;
+                    });
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     // Remove cluster parameters from the clusterParameters collections which are not enabled on
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/geo/geometry_container.cpp b/src/mongo/db/geo/geometry_container.cpp
index 64e541eefec..4c0ebb17ce1 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/geo/geometry_container.cpp
+++ b/src/mongo/db/geo/geometry_container.cpp
@@ -1081,6 +1081,48 @@ Status GeometryContainer::parseFromQuery(const BSONElement& elem) {
     return status;
 }
 
+Status GeometryContainer::parseForS2Version(const BSONElement& elem,
+                                            bool skipValidation,
+                                            boost::optional<S2IndexVersion> indexVersion) {
+    bool isLegacyIndex = indexVersion && *indexVersion < S2_INDEX_VERSION_4;
+    auto tryGeoJSON = [&]() {
+        return parseFromGeoJSON(skipValidation);
+    };
+    auto tryLegacyPoint = [&]() {
+        _point.reset(new PointWithCRS());
+        return GeoParser::parseLegacyPoint(elem, _point.get(), true);
+    };
+    uassert(11617900,
+            "2dsphere index field must be an array or an object",
+            elem.type() == BSONType::object || elem.type() == BSONType::array);
+
+    if (elem.type() == BSONType::array) {
+        // For arrays, only try legacy point parsing, regardless of index version.
+        // { location: [1, 2] } or { location: [1, 2, 3] }
+        return tryLegacyPoint();
+    }
+
+    // Element is an object.
+    // We may have legacy point and/or GeoJSON. Indexes pre-V4 were generated by
+    // attempting legacy point parsing first if a legacy point existed in the BSON, even if GeOJSON
+    // also existed.
+    if (isLegacyIndex) {
+        return elem.Obj().firstElement().isNumber() ? tryLegacyPoint() : tryGeoJSON();
+    }
+
+    // In indexes V4 and later, prioritize using the GeoJSON in the BSON, rather than the legacy
+    // point. Fallback to the legacy parser only if necessary (if the GeoJSON is not present).
+    Status status = tryGeoJSON();
+    if (status == ErrorCodes::BadValue) {
+        Status legacyStatus = tryLegacyPoint();
+        // If legacy parsing succeeds, use it; otherwise keep the original GeoJSON error.
+        if (legacyStatus.isOK()) {
+            status = legacyStatus;
+        }
+    }
+    return status;
+}
+
 // Examples:
 // { location: <GeoJSON> }
 // { location: [1, 2] }
@@ -1089,46 +1131,16 @@ Status GeometryContainer::parseFromQuery(const BSONElement& elem) {
 //
 // "elem" is the element that contains geo data. e.g. "location": [1, 2]
 // We need the type information to determine whether it's legacy point.
-Status GeometryContainer::parseFromStorage(const BSONElement& elem, bool skipValidation) {
+Status GeometryContainer::parseFromStorage(const BSONElement& elem,
+                                           bool skipValidation,
+                                           boost::optional<S2IndexVersion> indexVersion) {
     if (!elem.isABSONObj()) {
         return Status(ErrorCodes::BadValue,
                       str::stream() << "geo element must be an array or object: " << elem);
     }
 
     _geoElm = elem;
-    Status status = Status::OK();
-    if (BSONType::object == elem.type()) {
-        // GeoJSON
-        // { location: { type: “Point”, coordinates: [...] } }
-        status = parseFromGeoJSON(skipValidation);
-
-        // It's possible that we are dealing with a legacy point. e.g
-        // { location: {x: 1, y: 2, type: “Point” } }
-        // { location: {x: 1, y: 2} }
-        if (status == ErrorCodes::BadValue) {
-            // We must reset _point each time we attempt to re-parse, since it may retain info from
-            // previous attempts.
-            _point.reset(new PointWithCRS());
-            Status legacyParsingStatus = GeoParser::parseLegacyPoint(elem, _point.get(), true);
-            if (legacyParsingStatus.isOK()) {
-                status = legacyParsingStatus;
-            } else {
-                // Return the original error status, as we may be dealing with an invalid GeoJSON
-                // document. e.g. {type: "Point", coordinates: "hello"}
-                return status;
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        // Legacy point
-        // { location: [1, 2] }
-        // { location: [1, 2, 3] }
-        // Allow more than two dimensions or extra fields, like [1, 2, 3]
-        // We must reset _point each time we attempt to re-parse, since it may retain info from
-        // previous attempts.
-        _point.reset(new PointWithCRS());
-        status = GeoParser::parseLegacyPoint(elem, _point.get(), true);
-    }
-
+    Status status = parseForS2Version(elem, skipValidation, indexVersion);
     if (!status.isOK())
         return status;
 
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/geo/geometry_container.h b/src/mongo/db/geo/geometry_container.h
index 655d595cdb2..731cddd3a13 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/geo/geometry_container.h
+++ b/src/mongo/db/geo/geometry_container.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "mongo/bson/bsonobj.h"
 #include "mongo/bson/dotted_path/dotted_path_support.h"
 #include "mongo/db/geo/shapes.h"
+#include "mongo/db/index/s2_common.h"
 #include "mongo/util/modules.h"
 
 #include <memory>
@@ -49,6 +50,8 @@
 #include <s2region.h>
 #include <s2regionunion.h>
 
+#include <boost/optional.hpp>
+
 
 namespace mongo {
 
@@ -70,7 +73,9 @@ public:
     /**
      * Loads an empty GeometryContainer from stored geometry.
      */
-    Status parseFromStorage(const BSONElement& elem, bool skipValidation = false);
+    Status parseFromStorage(const BSONElement& elem,
+                            bool skipValidation = false,
+                            boost::optional<S2IndexVersion> indexVersion = boost::none);
 
     /**
      * Is the geometry any of {Point, Line, Polygon}?
@@ -153,6 +158,9 @@ private:
     class R2BoxRegion;
 
     Status parseFromGeoJSON(bool skipValidation = false);
+    Status parseForS2Version(const BSONElement& elem,
+                             bool skipValidation,
+                             boost::optional<S2IndexVersion> indexVersion);
 
     // Does 'this' intersect with the provided type?
     bool intersects(const S2Cell& otherPoint) const;
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/index/BUILD.bazel b/src/mongo/db/index/BUILD.bazel
index 929f3604ff2..72da337c662 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/index/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/src/mongo/db/index/BUILD.bazel
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ mongo_cc_library(
         "//src/mongo/db:server_base",
         "//src/mongo/db/geo:geometry",
         "//src/mongo/db/geo:geoparser",
+        "//src/mongo/db/query:query_knobs",
         "//src/mongo/db/query/collation:collator_interface",
         "//src/mongo/db/storage/key_string",
         "//src/third_party/s2",
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/index/index_access_method.h b/src/mongo/db/index/index_access_method.h
index e044698c3a2..aadf0ddcd2c 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/index/index_access_method.h
+++ b/src/mongo/db/index/index_access_method.h
@@ -548,6 +548,36 @@ public:
                                            const KeyStringSet& multikeyMetadataKeys,
                                            const MultikeyPaths& multikeyPaths) const;
 
+    /**
+     * Checks if this access method implements alternative explanations for a missing index entry.
+     * This allows access methods to return false early before seeking the record from the record
+     * store, avoiding expensive operations.
+     *
+     * Implementations should override this if checkMissingIndexEntryAlternative is overriden.
+     */
+    virtual bool shouldCheckMissingIndexEntryAlternative(OperationContext* opCtx,
+                                                         const IndexCatalogEntry& entry) const {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a missing index entry has an alternative explanation (e.g., version mismatch).
+     * This allows access methods to handle validation-specific logic without exposing it to
+     * generic validation code.
+     *
+     * Returns boost::none if there's no alternative explanation (normal missing entry error).
+     * Otherwise returns a pair of (error message, warning message) to be added to validation
+     * results.
+     */
+    virtual boost::optional<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> checkMissingIndexEntryAlternative(
+        OperationContext* opCtx,
+        const IndexCatalogEntry& entry,
+        const key_string::Value& missingKey,
+        const RecordId& recordId,
+        const BSONObj& document) const {
+        return boost::none;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Provides direct access to the SortedDataInterface. This should not be used to insert
      * documents into an index, except for testing purposes.
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/index/s2_access_method.cpp b/src/mongo/db/index/s2_access_method.cpp
index cb32be14d86..88c15c4cc35 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/index/s2_access_method.cpp
+++ b/src/mongo/db/index/s2_access_method.cpp
@@ -38,8 +38,12 @@
 #include "mongo/db/index/expression_params.h"
 #include "mongo/db/index/s2_key_generator.h"
 #include "mongo/db/index_names.h"
+#include "mongo/db/record_id.h"
 #include "mongo/db/shard_role/shard_catalog/index_catalog_entry.h"
 #include "mongo/db/shard_role/shard_catalog/index_descriptor.h"
+#include "mongo/db/shard_role/transaction_resources.h"
+#include "mongo/db/storage/key_string/key_string.h"
+#include "mongo/db/version_context.h"
 #include "mongo/logv2/log.h"
 #include "mongo/util/assert_util.h"
 #include "mongo/util/str.h"
@@ -97,11 +101,25 @@ S2AccessMethod::S2AccessMethod(IndexCatalogEntry* btreeState,
     }
 }
 
+std::string formatAllowedVersions(const std::set<long long>& allowedVersions) {
+    std::string result;
+    bool first = true;
+    for (long long version : allowedVersions) {
+        if (!first) {
+            result += ",";
+        }
+        result += std::to_string(version);
+        first = false;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
 StatusWith<BSONObj> cannotCreateIndexStatus(BSONElement indexVersionElt,
                                             const std::string& message,
                                             const std::string& expectedVersions = str::stream()
                                                 << S2_INDEX_VERSION_1 << "," << S2_INDEX_VERSION_2
-                                                << "," << S2_INDEX_VERSION_3,
+                                                << "," << S2_INDEX_VERSION_3 << ","
+                                                << S2_INDEX_VERSION_4,
                                             const std::string& extraMessage = "") {
     return {ErrorCodes::CannotCreateIndex,
             str::stream() << message << " { " << kIndexVersionFieldName << " : " << indexVersionElt
@@ -109,15 +127,23 @@ StatusWith<BSONObj> cannotCreateIndexStatus(BSONElement indexVersionElt,
                           << extraMessage};
 }
 
-StatusWith<BSONObj> S2AccessMethod::_fixSpecHelper(const BSONObj& specObj,
-                                                   boost::optional<long long> expectedVersion) {
-    // If the spec object doesn't have field "2dsphereIndexVersion", add {2dsphereIndexVersion: 3},
-    // which is the default for newly-built indexes.
+StatusWith<BSONObj> S2AccessMethod::_fixSpecHelper(
+    const BSONObj& specObj, boost::optional<std::set<long long>> allowedVersions) {
+    // If the spec object doesn't have field "2dsphereIndexVersion", add the default version
+    // based on the feature flag.
     BSONElement indexVersionElt = specObj[kIndexVersionFieldName];
+    long long defaultVersion = static_cast<long long>(index2dsphere::getDefaultS2IndexVersion());
     if (indexVersionElt.eoo()) {
+        // Validate the default version against allowed versions if provided.
+        if (allowedVersions && !allowedVersions->contains(defaultVersion)) {
+            return {ErrorCodes::CannotCreateIndex,
+                    str::stream() << "Default geo index version " << defaultVersion
+                                  << " is not in the allowed set: ["
+                                  << formatAllowedVersions(*allowedVersions) << "]"};
+        }
         BSONObjBuilder bob;
         bob.appendElements(specObj);
-        bob.append(kIndexVersionFieldName, S2_INDEX_VERSION_3);
+        bob.append(kIndexVersionFieldName, defaultVersion);
         return bob.obj();
     }
 
@@ -131,23 +157,30 @@ StatusWith<BSONObj> S2AccessMethod::_fixSpecHelper(const BSONObj& specObj,
         return cannotCreateIndexStatus(indexVersionElt, "Invalid value for geo index version");
     }
 
-    const auto indexVersion = indexVersionElt.safeNumberLong();
+    long long indexVersion = indexVersionElt.safeNumberLong();
 
-    if (expectedVersion) {
-        // If we have an expectedVersion, we must be in timeseries.
-        if (indexVersion != *expectedVersion) {
-            return cannotCreateIndexStatus(indexVersionElt,
-                                           "unsupported geo index version",
-                                           std::to_string(*expectedVersion),
-                                           " for timeseries");
-        }
+    if (allowedVersions && !allowedVersions->contains(indexVersion)) {
+        // If we have allowedVersions, validate that the index version is in the set.
+        return cannotCreateIndexStatus(indexVersionElt,
+                                       "unsupported geo index version",
+                                       formatAllowedVersions(*allowedVersions),
+                                       "");
     } else {
-        // Index version must be either 1, 2 or 3.
+        // Index version must be either 1, 2, 3, or 4.
         switch (indexVersion) {
             case S2_INDEX_VERSION_1:
             case S2_INDEX_VERSION_2:
             case S2_INDEX_VERSION_3:
                 break;
+            case S2_INDEX_VERSION_4: {
+                // Gate version 4 behind feature flag.
+                if (index2dsphere::getDefaultS2IndexVersion() != S2_INDEX_VERSION_4) {
+                    return Status(ErrorCodes::CannotCreateIndex,
+                                  "2dsphereIndexVersion 4 requires feature flag "
+                                  "'featureFlag2dsphereIndexVersion4' to be enabled");
+                }
+                break;
+            }
             default:
                 return cannotCreateIndexStatus(indexVersionElt, "unsupported geo index version");
         }
@@ -160,6 +193,104 @@ StatusWith<BSONObj> S2AccessMethod::fixSpec(const BSONObj& specObj) {
     return S2AccessMethod::_fixSpecHelper(specObj);
 }
 
+// static
+KeyStringSet S2AccessMethod::generateKeysForValidation(const BSONObj& indexSpec,
+                                                       const CollatorInterface* collator,
+                                                       const BSONObj& document,
+                                                       Ordering ordering,
+                                                       const boost::optional<RecordId>& recordId,
+                                                       key_string::Version keyStringVersion) {
+    S2IndexingParams params;
+    index2dsphere::initialize2dsphereParams(indexSpec, collator, &params);
+    // Force version 4 for validation comparison
+    params.indexVersion = S2_INDEX_VERSION_4;
+
+    SharedBufferFragmentBuilder pool(key_string::HeapBuilder::kHeapAllocatorDefaultBytes);
+    KeyStringSet keys;
+    MultikeyPaths multikeyPaths;
+
+    BSONObj keyPattern = indexSpec.getObjectField("key");
+    index2dsphere::getS2Keys(pool,
+                             document,
+                             keyPattern,
+                             params,
+                             &keys,
+                             &multikeyPaths,
+                             keyStringVersion,
+                             SortedDataIndexAccessMethod::GetKeysContext::kAddingKeys,
+                             ordering,
+                             recordId);
+
+    return keys;
+}
+
+// static
+bool S2AccessMethod::isVersion3(const BSONObj& indexSpec) {
+    BSONElement versionElt = indexSpec["2dsphereIndexVersion"];
+    return versionElt.isNumber() && versionElt.numberInt() == S2_INDEX_VERSION_3;
+}
+
+bool S2AccessMethod::shouldCheckMissingIndexEntryAlternative(OperationContext* opCtx,
+                                                             const IndexCatalogEntry& entry) const {
+    // Only proceed with expensive record lookup for version 3 indexes, which may need
+    // to be checked for version 4 upgrade scenarios.
+    return isVersion3(entry.descriptor()->infoObj());
+}
+
+boost::optional<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>
+S2AccessMethod::checkMissingIndexEntryAlternative(OperationContext* opCtx,
+                                                  const IndexCatalogEntry& entry,
+                                                  const key_string::Value& missingKey,
+                                                  const RecordId& recordId,
+                                                  const BSONObj& document) const {
+    // Only check for version 3 to version 4 upgrade scenarios.
+    if (!isVersion3(entry.descriptor()->infoObj())) {
+        return boost::none;
+    }
+
+    try {
+        // Generate version 4 keys for this document.
+        KeyStringSet keysV4 =
+            generateKeysForValidation(entry.descriptor()->infoObj(),
+                                      entry.getCollator(),
+                                      document,
+                                      getSortedDataInterface()->getOrdering(),
+                                      recordId,
+                                      getSortedDataInterface()->getKeyStringVersion());
+
+        // Check if version 4 keys exist in the index. If they do, this indicates the
+        // validation failure was caused by SERVER-84794 and the index should be
+        // upgraded to v4.
+        if (!keysV4.empty()) {
+            auto sortedDataInterface = getSortedDataInterface();
+            auto& ru = *shard_role_details::getRecoveryUnit(opCtx);
+            auto cursor = sortedDataInterface->newCursor(opCtx, ru);
+            bool foundMatchingKey =
+                std::any_of(keysV4.begin(), keysV4.end(), [&](const auto& keyV4) {
+                    // seekForKeyString checks if the key exists in the index and
+                    // returns the KeyStringEntry with the RecordId if found.
+                    auto ksEntry = cursor->seekForKeyString(ru, keyV4.getView());
+                    return ksEntry && ksEntry->loc == recordId;
+                });
+
+            if (foundMatchingKey) {
+                const std::string indexName = entry.descriptor()->indexName();
+                std::string errorMsg = "Index '" + indexName +
+                    "' was created with 2dsphereIndexVersion 3, but validation indicates it should "
+                    "be "
+                    "rebuilt with version 4. Please drop and recreate this index with version 4.";
+                std::string warningMsg =
+                    "Index '" + indexName + "' needs to be rebuilt with 2dsphereIndexVersion 4.";
+                return std::make_pair(errorMsg, warningMsg);
+            }
+        }
+    } catch (...) {
+        // If key generation fails with version 4, continue with normal error reporting.
+    }
+
+    return boost::none;
+}
+
 void S2AccessMethod::validateDocument(const CollectionPtr& collection,
                                       const BSONObj& obj,
                                       const BSONObj& keyPattern) const {
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/index/s2_access_method.h b/src/mongo/db/index/s2_access_method.h
index de31b01d9fc..ff701a47667 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/index/s2_access_method.h
+++ b/src/mongo/db/index/s2_access_method.h
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 #include "mongo/util/shared_buffer_fragment.h"
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <set>
 
 #include <boost/optional/optional.hpp>
 
@@ -60,12 +61,13 @@ public:
 
     /**
      * Helper for 'fixSpec' which validates the index and returns a copy tweaked to conform to the
-     * expected format. If expectedVersion is specified, the index version must match.
+     * expected format. If allowedVersions is specified, the index version (or default version if
+     * not specified) must be in the allowed set.
      *
      * Returns a non-OK status if 'specObj' is invalid.
      */
     static StatusWith<BSONObj> _fixSpecHelper(
-        const BSONObj& specObj, boost::optional<long long> expectedVersion = boost::none);
+        const BSONObj& specObj, boost::optional<std::set<long long>> allowedVersions = boost::none);
 
     /**
      * Takes an index spec object for this index and returns a copy tweaked to conform to the
@@ -77,6 +79,39 @@ public:
      */
     static StatusWith<BSONObj> fixSpec(const BSONObj& specObj);
 
+    /**
+     * Public API for generating S2 index keys for validation purposes.
+     */
+    static KeyStringSet generateKeysForValidation(const BSONObj& indexSpec,
+                                                  const CollatorInterface* collator,
+                                                  const BSONObj& document,
+                                                  Ordering ordering,
+                                                  const boost::optional<RecordId>& recordId,
+                                                  key_string::Version keyStringVersion);
+
+    /**
+     * Public API for checking if an S2 index is version 3.
+     */
+    static bool isVersion3(const BSONObj& indexSpec);
+
+    /**
+     * For S2 indexes, this only returns true for version 3 indexes that may need to be checked for
+     * version 4 upgrade scenarios.
+     */
+    bool shouldCheckMissingIndexEntryAlternative(OperationContext* opCtx,
+                                                 const IndexCatalogEntry& entry) const override;
+
+    /**
+     * Checks if a missing index entry is actually present when using version 4 key generation,
+     * indicating the index needs to be upgraded from version 3 to version 4.
+     */
+    boost::optional<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> checkMissingIndexEntryAlternative(
+        OperationContext* opCtx,
+        const IndexCatalogEntry& entry,
+        const key_string::Value& missingKey,
+        const RecordId& recordId,
+        const BSONObj& document) const override;
+
 protected:
     S2AccessMethod(IndexCatalogEntry* btreeState,
                    std::unique_ptr<SortedDataInterface> btree,
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/index/s2_bucket_access_method.h b/src/mongo/db/index/s2_bucket_access_method.h
index 06ae0178d19..2db16203ae8 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/index/s2_bucket_access_method.h
+++ b/src/mongo/db/index/s2_bucket_access_method.h
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "mongo/base/status.h"
 #include "mongo/base/status_with.h"
 #include "mongo/bson/bsonobj.h"
 #include "mongo/db/index/s2_access_method.h"
@@ -38,6 +37,8 @@
 #include "mongo/db/storage/sorted_data_interface.h"
 #include "mongo/util/modules.h"
 
+#include <set>
+
 namespace mongo {
 
 // Public: instantiated in index_access_method.cpp (index_builds module) and fixSpec() called from
@@ -56,7 +57,8 @@ public:
      * Returns a non-OK status if 'specObj' is invalid.
      */
     static StatusWith<BSONObj> fixSpec(const BSONObj& specObj) {
-        return S2AccessMethod::_fixSpecHelper(specObj, /*expectedVersion*/ S2_INDEX_VERSION_3);
+        std::set<long long> allowedVersions = {S2_INDEX_VERSION_4, S2_INDEX_VERSION_3};
+        return S2AccessMethod::_fixSpecHelper(specObj, allowedVersions);
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/index/s2_common.cpp b/src/mongo/db/index/s2_common.cpp
index 4495531e8be..aec24022e01 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/index/s2_common.cpp
+++ b/src/mongo/db/index/s2_common.cpp
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@
 #include "mongo/db/geo/geoconstants.h"
 #include "mongo/db/geo/geometry_container.h"
 #include "mongo/db/query/collation/collator_interface.h"
+#include "mongo/db/query/query_feature_flags_gen.h"
+#include "mongo/db/server_options.h"
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <ostream>
@@ -233,9 +235,17 @@ void initialize2dsphereParams(const BSONObj& infoObj,
             str::stream() << "unsupported geo index version { " << kIndexVersionFieldName << " : "
                           << out->indexVersion << " }, only support versions: ["
                           << S2_INDEX_VERSION_1 << "," << S2_INDEX_VERSION_2 << ","
-                          << S2_INDEX_VERSION_3 << "]",
-            out->indexVersion == S2_INDEX_VERSION_3 || out->indexVersion == S2_INDEX_VERSION_2 ||
-                out->indexVersion == S2_INDEX_VERSION_1);
+                          << S2_INDEX_VERSION_3 << "," << S2_INDEX_VERSION_4 << "]",
+            out->indexVersion == S2_INDEX_VERSION_4 || out->indexVersion == S2_INDEX_VERSION_3 ||
+                out->indexVersion == S2_INDEX_VERSION_2 || out->indexVersion == S2_INDEX_VERSION_1);
+}
+
+S2IndexVersion getDefaultS2IndexVersion(const VersionContext& versionContext) {
+    const auto fcvSnapshot = serverGlobalParams.featureCompatibility.acquireFCVSnapshot();
+    return feature_flags::gFeatureFlag2dsphereIndexVersion4.isEnabledUseLatestFCVWhenUninitialized(
+               versionContext, fcvSnapshot)
+        ? S2_INDEX_VERSION_4
+        : S2_INDEX_VERSION_3;
 }
 }  // namespace index2dsphere
 }  // namespace mongo
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/index/s2_common.h b/src/mongo/db/index/s2_common.h
index 6a63151a156..40fe568b35b 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/index/s2_common.h
+++ b/src/mongo/db/index/s2_common.h
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 #include "mongo/bson/ordering.h"
 #include "mongo/db/query/collation/collator_interface.h"
 #include "mongo/db/storage/key_string/key_string.h"
+#include "mongo/db/version_context.h"
 #include "mongo/util/modules.h"
 
 #include <cstddef>
@@ -59,7 +60,11 @@ enum S2IndexVersion {
 
     // The third version of the S2 index, introduced in MongoDB 3.2.0. Introduced
     // performance improvements and changed the key type from string to numeric
-    S2_INDEX_VERSION_3 = 3
+    S2_INDEX_VERSION_3 = 3,
+
+    // The fourth version of the S2 index. Changed parsing order for object-type
+    // geometry elements to try GeoJSON parsing before legacy point parsing.
+    S2_INDEX_VERSION_4 = 4
 };
 
 struct S2IndexingParams {
@@ -100,5 +105,16 @@ void S2CellIdToIndexKeyStringAppend(const S2CellId& cellId,
 void initialize2dsphereParams(const BSONObj& infoObj,
                               const CollatorInterface* collator,
                               S2IndexingParams* out);
+
+/**
+ * Returns the default S2 index version based on the feature flag.
+ * If the feature flag for version 4 is enabled, returns S2_INDEX_VERSION_4,
+ * otherwise returns S2_INDEX_VERSION_3.
+ *
+ * @param versionContext The version context to use for feature flag checks.
+ *                       Defaults to kVersionContextIgnored_UNSAFE.
+ */
+S2IndexVersion getDefaultS2IndexVersion(
+    const VersionContext& versionContext = kVersionContextIgnored_UNSAFE);
 }  // namespace index2dsphere
 }  // namespace mongo
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/index/s2_key_generator.cpp b/src/mongo/db/index/s2_key_generator.cpp
index 9c21b403d66..9431251868b 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/index/s2_key_generator.cpp
+++ b/src/mongo/db/index/s2_key_generator.cpp
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Status S2GetKeysForElement(const BSONElement& element,
                            const S2IndexingParams& params,
                            std::vector<S2CellId>* out) {
     GeometryContainer geoContainer;
-    Status status = geoContainer.parseFromStorage(element);
+    Status status = geoContainer.parseFromStorage(element, false, params.indexVersion);
     if (!status.isOK())
         return status;
 
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ bool getS2BucketGeoKeys(const BSONObj& document,
             BSONArrayBuilder coordinates(shape.subarrayStart("coordinates"));
             for (BSONElementSet::iterator i = elements.begin(); i != elements.end(); ++i) {
                 GeometryContainer container;
-                auto status = container.parseFromStorage(*i, false);
+                auto status = container.parseFromStorage(*i, false, params.indexVersion);
                 uassert(183934,
                         str::stream() << "Can't extract geo keys: " << status.reason(),
                         status.isOK());
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/query/query_feature_flags.idl b/src/mongo/db/query/query_feature_flags.idl
index 6dbcfeed7bc..95b28363bf6 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/query/query_feature_flags.idl
+++ b/src/mongo/db/query/query_feature_flags.idl
@@ -382,6 +382,13 @@ feature_flags:
         default: false
         fcv_gated: false
 
+    featureFlag2dsphereIndexVersion4:
+        description: "Feature flag to enable v4 of 2dsphereIndexVersion."
+        cpp_varname: gFeatureFlag2dsphereIndexVersion4
+        default: true
+        fcv_gated: true
+        version: 8.3
+
     featureFlagCostBasedRanker:
         description: "Feature flag to enable the cost-based ranker for query plans."
         cpp_varname: gFeatureFlagCostBasedRanker
diff --git a/src/mongo/db/validate/index_consistency.cpp b/src/mongo/db/validate/index_consistency.cpp
index def48dd0471..4d5712e7d9f 100644
--- a/src/mongo/db/validate/index_consistency.cpp
+++ b/src/mongo/db/validate/index_consistency.cpp
@@ -245,14 +245,43 @@ void KeyStringIndexConsistency::addIndexEntryErrors(OperationContext* opCtx,
     // Inform which indexes have inconsistencies and add the BSON objects of the inconsistent index
     // entries to the results vector.
     int numMissingIndexEntryErrors = _missingIndexEntries.size();
+
+    // Track which indexes should get custom error messages from their access methods.
+    std::map<std::string, std::pair<std::string, std::string>> indexesWithCustomErrors;
+
     for (const auto& [missingIndexKey, missingRecordId] : _missingIndexEntries) {
+        const IndexInfo& info = *missingIndexKey.first;
+        const std::string& indexName = info.indexName;
+
+        // Check if the access method has an alternative explanation for this missing entry.
+        const auto entry =
+            _validateState->getCollection()->getIndexCatalog()->findIndexByName(opCtx, indexName);
+        if (entry) {
+            auto accessMethod = entry->accessMethod()->asSortedData();
+            if (accessMethod) {
+                if (accessMethod->shouldCheckMissingIndexEntryAlternative(opCtx, *entry)) {
+                    auto record = _validateState->getSeekRecordStoreCursor()->seekExact(
+                        opCtx, missingRecordId);
+                    if (record) {
+                        BSONObj document = record->data.toBson();
+                        auto alternative = accessMethod->checkMissingIndexEntryAlternative(
+                            opCtx, *entry, missingIndexKey.second, missingRecordId, document);
+                        if (alternative) {
+                            indexesWithCustomErrors[indexName] = *alternative;
+                            continue;  // Skip normal error reporting for this entry.
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Mark the error as an inconsistency.
         _foundInconsistency(opCtx,
                             missingIndexKey,
                             missingRecordId,
                             *results,
                             /*isMissing=*/true);
 
-        const std::string& indexName = missingIndexKey.first->indexName;
         if (!results->getIndexResultsMap().at(indexName).isValid()) {
             continue;
         }
@@ -261,6 +290,12 @@ void KeyStringIndexConsistency::addIndexEntryErrors(OperationContext* opCtx,
         results->getIndexResultsMap().at(indexName).addError(ss.str(), false);
     }
 
+    // Add custom error messages for indexes that need upgrades.
+    for (const auto& [indexName, messages] : indexesWithCustomErrors) {
+        results->getIndexResultsMap().at(indexName).addError(messages.first, false);
+        results->addWarning(messages.second);
+    }
+
     int numExtraIndexEntryErrors = 0;
     for (const auto& item : _extraIndexEntries) {
         numExtraIndexEntryErrors += item.second.size();
diff --git a/src/mongo/dbtests/validate_tests.cpp b/src/mongo/dbtests/validate_tests.cpp
index 11f35741970..d043d06890d 100644
--- a/src/mongo/dbtests/validate_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/mongo/dbtests/validate_tests.cpp
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 #include "mongo/db/dbhelpers.h"
 #include "mongo/db/index/index_access_method.h"
 #include "mongo/db/index/multikey_paths.h"
+#include "mongo/db/index/s2_common.h"
 #include "mongo/db/index_builds/index_build_interceptor.h"
 #include "mongo/db/index_builds/index_build_test_helpers.h"
 #include "mongo/db/index_builds/index_builds_common.h"
@@ -4230,6 +4231,133 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
+// Test that validates an S2 index created with v4 code but persisted as v3 gets reported as
+// needing upgrade to v4.
+class ValidateS2IndexVersion3NeedsUpgrade : public ValidateBase {
+public:
+    ValidateS2IndexVersion3NeedsUpgrade() : ValidateBase(/*full=*/false, /*background=*/false) {}
+
+    void run() {
+        // Create a new collection and insert a document with a GeoJSON Point.
+        lockDb(MODE_X);
+
+        {
+            beginTransaction();
+            ASSERT_OK(_db->dropCollection(&_opCtx, _nss));
+            _db->createCollection(&_opCtx, _nss);
+            commitTransaction();
+        }
+
+        // Insert the document with location field.
+        BSONObj originalDoc = BSON(
+            "_id" << 1 << "location"
+                  << BSON("latitude" << 38.7348661 << "longitude" << -9.1447487 << "coordinates"
+                                     << BSON_ARRAY(-9.1447487 << 38.7348661) << "type"
+                                     << "Point"));
+        {
+            beginTransaction();
+            insertDocument(originalDoc);
+            commitTransaction();
+        }
+
+        // Create a 2dsphere index. This will default to v4 and generate v4 keys.
+        const auto indexName = "location_2dsphere";
+        auto status =
+            createIndexFromSpec(BSON("name" << indexName << "key" << BSON("location" << "2dsphere")
+                                            << "v" << static_cast<int>(kIndexVersion)));
+        ASSERT_OK(status);
+
+        // Now modify the durable catalog to change the index version from v4 to v3.
+        // This simulates an index that was created with v4 code but persisted as v3.
+        CollectionWriter writer(&_opCtx, coll()->ns());
+        {
+            beginTransaction();
+            auto collMetadata = durable_catalog::getParsedCatalogEntry(
+                                    &_opCtx, coll()->getCatalogId(), MDBCatalog::get(&_opCtx))
+                                    ->metadata;
+            int offset = collMetadata->findIndexOffset(indexName);
+            ASSERT_GTE(offset, 0);
+
+            auto& indexMetadata = collMetadata->indexes[offset];
+            // Modify the spec to change version from v4 to v3.
+            BSONObjBuilder specBuilder;
+            for (BSONObjIterator bi(indexMetadata.spec); bi.more();) {
+                BSONElement e = bi.next();
+                if (e.fieldNameStringData() == "2dsphereIndexVersion") {
+                    specBuilder.append("2dsphereIndexVersion", S2_INDEX_VERSION_3);
+                } else {
+                    specBuilder.append(e);
+                }
+            }
+            indexMetadata.spec = specBuilder.obj();
+            writer.getWritableCollection(&_opCtx)->replaceMetadata(&_opCtx,
+                                                                   std::move(collMetadata));
+            commitTransaction();
+        }
+
+        // Reload the index from the modified catalog.
+        {
+            beginTransaction();
+            auto writableCatalog = writer.getWritableCollection(&_opCtx)->getIndexCatalog();
+            auto entry = writableCatalog->findIndexByName(&_opCtx, indexName);
+            writableCatalog->refreshEntry(&_opCtx,
+                                          writer.getWritableCollection(&_opCtx),
+                                          entry,
+                                          CreateIndexEntryFlags::kIsReady);
+            commitTransaction();
+        }
+
+        releaseDb();
+
+        // Run validate and check that it reports the index needs to be upgraded to v4.
+        {
+            ValidateResults results;
+
+            ASSERT_OK(CollectionValidation::validate(
+                &_opCtx,
+                _nss,
+                ValidationOptions{CollectionValidation::ValidateMode::kForeground,
+                                  CollectionValidation::RepairMode::kNone,
+                                  kLogDiagnostics},
+                &results));
+
+            ScopeGuard dumpOnErrorGuard([&] {
+                StorageDebugUtil::printValidateResults(results);
+                StorageDebugUtil::printCollectionAndIndexTableEntries(&_opCtx, coll()->ns());
+            });
+
+            // Validation should fail because the index has v4 keys but is marked as v3.
+            ASSERT_FALSE(results.isValid());
+
+            // Check that the index results contain the upgrade message.
+            auto indexResultsIt = results.getIndexResultsMap().find(indexName);
+            ASSERT(indexResultsIt != results.getIndexResultsMap().end());
+            const auto& indexResults = indexResultsIt->second;
+
+            // Check that there's an error and warning message about needing to upgrade to v4.
+            bool foundError =
+                std::any_of(indexResults.getErrors().begin(),
+                            indexResults.getErrors().end(),
+                            [](const auto& error) {
+                                return error.find("2dsphereIndexVersion 3") != std::string::npos &&
+                                    error.find("version 4") != std::string::npos;
+                            });
+            ASSERT_TRUE(foundError) << "Expected error message about upgrading to v4";
+
+            bool foundWarning =
+                std::any_of(results.getWarnings().begin(),
+                            results.getWarnings().end(),
+                            [&indexName](const auto& warning) {
+                                return warning.find(indexName) != std::string::npos &&
+                                    warning.find("2dsphereIndexVersion 4") != std::string::npos;
+                            });
+            ASSERT_TRUE(foundWarning) << "Expected warning about rebuilding with v4";
+
+            dumpOnErrorGuard.dismiss();
+        }
+    }
+};
+
 class ValidateInvalidBSONOnClusteredCollection : public ValidateBase {
 public:
     explicit ValidateInvalidBSONOnClusteredCollection(bool background)
@@ -4895,6 +5023,9 @@ public:
 
         add<ValidateAddNewMultikeyPaths>();
 
+        // Test that validates S2 index version upgrade detection.
+        add<ValidateS2IndexVersion3NeedsUpgrade>();
+
         // Tests that validation works on clustered collections.
         add<ValidateInvalidBSONOnClusteredCollection>(false);
         add<ValidateInvalidBSONOnClusteredCollection>(true);