1173 lines
32 KiB
HTML
1173 lines
32 KiB
HTML
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<!doctype html>
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<html lang="en" class="no-js">
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
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<meta name="description" content="A next-generation HTTP client for Python.">
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<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/text-encodings/">
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<link rel="prev" href="../transports/">
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<link rel="next" href="../extensions/">
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<link rel="icon" href="../../assets/images/favicon.png">
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<meta name="generator" content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.5.47">
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<title>Text Encodings - HTTPX</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/main.6f8fc17f.min.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css">
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<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback">
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<style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../css/custom.css">
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<script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script>
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</head>
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<body dir="ltr" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="indigo" data-md-color-accent="indigo">
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<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="drawer" type="checkbox" id="__drawer" autocomplete="off">
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<input class="md-toggle" data-md-toggle="search" type="checkbox" id="__search" autocomplete="off">
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<label class="md-overlay" for="__drawer"></label>
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<div data-md-component="skip">
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<a href="#using-the-default-encoding" class="md-skip">
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Skip to content
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</a>
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</div>
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<div data-md-component="announce">
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</div>
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<header class="md-header md-header--shadow" data-md-component="header">
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<nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label="Header">
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<a href="../.." title="HTTPX" class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label="HTTPX" data-md-component="logo">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3m0 3.54C9.64 9.35 6.5 8 3 8v11c3.5 0 6.64 1.35 9 3.54 2.36-2.19 5.5-3.54 9-3.54V8c-3.5 0-6.64 1.35-9 3.54"/></svg>
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</a>
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__drawer">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg>
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</label>
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<div class="md-header__title" data-md-component="header-title">
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<div class="md-header__ellipsis">
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<div class="md-header__topic">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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HTTPX
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</span>
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</div>
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<div class="md-header__topic" data-md-component="header-topic">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Text Encodings
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</span>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<form class="md-header__option" data-md-component="palette">
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<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" data-md-color-scheme="default" data-md-color-primary="indigo" data-md-color-accent="indigo" aria-label="Switch to dark mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_0">
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to dark mode" for="__palette_1" hidden>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 2a7 7 0 0 0-7 7c0 2.38 1.19 4.47 3 5.74V17a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h6a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.26c1.81-1.27 3-3.36 3-5.74a7 7 0 0 0-7-7M9 21a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-1H9z"/></svg>
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</label>
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<input class="md-option" data-md-color-media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" data-md-color-scheme="slate" data-md-color-primary="blue" data-md-color-accent="indigo" aria-label="Switch to light mode" type="radio" name="__palette" id="__palette_1">
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" title="Switch to light mode" for="__palette_0" hidden>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 2a7 7 0 0 1 7 7c0 2.38-1.19 4.47-3 5.74V17a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H9a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-2.26C6.19 13.47 5 11.38 5 9a7 7 0 0 1 7-7M9 21v-1h6v1a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1m3-17a5 5 0 0 0-5 5c0 2.05 1.23 3.81 3 4.58V16h4v-2.42c1.77-.77 3-2.53 3-4.58a5 5 0 0 0-5-5"/></svg>
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</label>
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</form>
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<script>var palette=__md_get("__palette");if(palette&&palette.color){if("(prefers-color-scheme)"===palette.color.media){var media=matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: light)"),input=document.querySelector(media.matches?"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: light)']":"[data-md-color-media='(prefers-color-scheme: dark)']");palette.color.media=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-media"),palette.color.scheme=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-scheme"),palette.color.primary=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-primary"),palette.color.accent=input.getAttribute("data-md-color-accent")}for(var[key,value]of Object.entries(palette.color))document.body.setAttribute("data-md-color-"+key,value)}</script>
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<label class="md-header__button md-icon" for="__search">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
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</label>
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<div class="md-search" data-md-component="search" role="dialog">
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<label class="md-search__overlay" for="__search"></label>
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<div class="md-search__inner" role="search">
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<form class="md-search__form" name="search">
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<input type="text" class="md-search__input" name="query" aria-label="Search" placeholder="Search" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-md-component="search-query" required>
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<label class="md-search__icon md-icon" for="__search">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9.5 3A6.5 6.5 0 0 1 16 9.5c0 1.61-.59 3.09-1.56 4.23l.27.27h.79l5 5-1.5 1.5-5-5v-.79l-.27-.27A6.52 6.52 0 0 1 9.5 16 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 3 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 9.5 3m0 2C7 5 5 7 5 9.5S7 14 9.5 14 14 12 14 9.5 12 5 9.5 5"/></svg>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-search__options" aria-label="Search">
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<button type="reset" class="md-search__icon md-icon" title="Clear" aria-label="Clear" tabindex="-1">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41 17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z"/></svg>
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</button>
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</nav>
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</form>
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<div class="md-search__output">
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<div class="md-search__scrollwrap" tabindex="0" data-md-scrollfix>
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<div class="md-search-result" data-md-component="search-result">
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<div class="md-search-result__meta">
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Initializing search
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</div>
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<ol class="md-search-result__list" role="presentation"></ol>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="md-header__source">
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<a href="https://github.com/encode/httpx/" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M439.55 236.05 244 40.45a28.87 28.87 0 0 0-40.81 0l-40.66 40.63 51.52 51.52c27.06-9.14 52.68 16.77 43.39 43.68l49.66 49.66c34.23-11.8 61.18 31 35.47 56.69-26.49 26.49-70.21-2.87-56-37.34L240.22 199v121.85c25.3 12.54 22.26 41.85 9.08 55a34.34 34.34 0 0 1-48.55 0c-17.57-17.6-11.07-46.91 11.25-56v-123c-20.8-8.51-24.6-30.74-18.64-45L142.57 101 8.45 235.14a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0 40.81l195.61 195.6a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 40.8 0l194.69-194.69a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0-40.81"/></svg>
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</div>
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<div class="md-source__repository">
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encode/httpx
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</div>
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</a>
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</div>
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</nav>
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</header>
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<div class="md-container" data-md-component="container">
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<main class="md-main" data-md-component="main">
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<div class="md-main__inner md-grid">
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<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--primary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="navigation" >
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<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
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<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
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<!-- Determine class according to configuration -->
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<!-- Main navigation -->
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<nav
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class="md-nav md-nav--primary"
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aria-label="nav.title"
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data-md-level="0"
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>
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<!-- Site title -->
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__drawer">
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<a
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href="../.."
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title="HTTPX"
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class="md-nav__button md-logo"
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aria-label="HTTPX"
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data-md-component="logo"
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>
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 8a3 3 0 0 0 3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3-3 3 3 0 0 0-3 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3m0 3.54C9.64 9.35 6.5 8 3 8v11c3.5 0 6.64 1.35 9 3.54 2.36-2.19 5.5-3.54 9-3.54V8c-3.5 0-6.64 1.35-9 3.54"/></svg>
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</a>
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HTTPX
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</label>
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<!-- Repository information -->
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<div class="md-nav__source">
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<a href="https://github.com/encode/httpx/" title="Go to repository" class="md-source" data-md-component="source">
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<div class="md-source__icon md-icon">
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<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!--! Font Awesome Free 6.7.1 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--><path d="M439.55 236.05 244 40.45a28.87 28.87 0 0 0-40.81 0l-40.66 40.63 51.52 51.52c27.06-9.14 52.68 16.77 43.39 43.68l49.66 49.66c34.23-11.8 61.18 31 35.47 56.69-26.49 26.49-70.21-2.87-56-37.34L240.22 199v121.85c25.3 12.54 22.26 41.85 9.08 55a34.34 34.34 0 0 1-48.55 0c-17.57-17.6-11.07-46.91 11.25-56v-123c-20.8-8.51-24.6-30.74-18.64-45L142.57 101 8.45 235.14a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0 40.81l195.61 195.6a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 40.8 0l194.69-194.69a28.86 28.86 0 0 0 0-40.81"/></svg>
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</div>
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<div class="md-source__repository">
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encode/httpx
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</div>
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</a>
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</div>
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<!-- Navigation list -->
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../.." class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Introduction
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../../quickstart/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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QuickStart
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_3" checked>
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_3" id="__nav_3_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Advanced
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</span>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_3_label" aria-expanded="true">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_3">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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Advanced
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../clients/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Clients
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../authentication/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Authentication
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../ssl/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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SSL
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../proxies/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Proxies
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../timeouts/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Timeouts
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../resource-limits/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Resource Limits
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../event-hooks/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Event Hooks
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../transports/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Transports
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<h1>Text Encodings</h1>
|
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|
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<p>When accessing <code>response.text</code>, we need to decode the response bytes into a unicode text representation.</p>
|
|
<p>By default <code>httpx</code> will use <code>"charset"</code> information included in the response <code>Content-Type</code> header to determine how the response bytes should be decoded into text.</p>
|
|
<p>In cases where no charset information is included on the response, the default behaviour is to assume "utf-8" encoding, which is by far the most widely used text encoding on the internet.</p>
|
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<h2 id="using-the-default-encoding">Using the default encoding</h2>
|
|
<p>To understand this better let's start by looking at the default behaviour for text decoding...</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">httpx</span>
|
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<span class="c1"># Instantiate a client with the default configuration.</span>
|
|
<span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">httpx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
|
<span class="c1"># Using the client...</span>
|
|
<span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># This will either print the charset given in</span>
|
|
<span class="c1"># the Content-Type charset, or else "utf-8".</span>
|
|
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># The text will either be decoded with the Content-Type</span>
|
|
<span class="c1"># charset, or using "utf-8".</span>
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
|
|
|
<p>This is normally absolutely fine. Most servers will respond with a properly formatted Content-Type header, including a charset encoding. And in most cases where no charset encoding is included, UTF-8 is very likely to be used, since it is so widely adopted.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="using-an-explicit-encoding">Using an explicit encoding</h2>
|
|
<p>In some cases we might be making requests to a site where no character set information is being set explicitly by the server, but we know what the encoding is. In this case it's best to set the default encoding explicitly on the client.</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">httpx</span>
|
|
<span class="c1"># Instantiate a client with a Japanese character set as the default encoding.</span>
|
|
<span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">httpx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">default_encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"shift-jis"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|
<span class="c1"># Using the client...</span>
|
|
<span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># This will either print the charset given in</span>
|
|
<span class="c1"># the Content-Type charset, or else "shift-jis".</span>
|
|
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># The text will either be decoded with the Content-Type</span>
|
|
<span class="c1"># charset, or using "shift-jis".</span>
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="using-auto-detection">Using auto-detection</h2>
|
|
<p>In cases where the server is not reliably including character set information, and where we don't know what encoding is being used, we can enable auto-detection to make a best-guess attempt when decoding from bytes to text.</p>
|
|
<p>To use auto-detection you need to set the <code>default_encoding</code> argument to a callable instead of a string. This callable should be a function which takes the input bytes as an argument and returns the character set to use for decoding those bytes to text.</p>
|
|
<p>There are two widely used Python packages which both handle this functionality:</p>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="https://chardet.readthedocs.io/"><code>chardet</code></a> - This is a well established package, and is a port of <a href="https://www-archive.mozilla.org/projects/intl/chardet.html">the auto-detection code in Mozilla</a>.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://charset-normalizer.readthedocs.io/"><code>charset-normalizer</code></a> - A newer package, motivated by <code>chardet</code>, with a different approach.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<p>Let's take a look at installing autodetection using one of these packages...</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>httpx
|
|
$<span class="w"> </span>pip<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>chardet
|
|
</code></pre></div>
|
|
|
|
<p>Once <code>chardet</code> is installed, we can configure a client to use character-set autodetection.</p>
|
|
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">httpx</span>
|
|
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">chardet</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">autodetect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
|
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">chardet</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">detect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"encoding"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="c1"># Using a client with character-set autodetection enabled.</span>
|
|
<span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">httpx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">default_encoding</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">autodetect</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encoding</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># This will either print the charset given in</span>
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<span class="c1"># the Content-Type charset, or else the auto-detected</span>
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<span class="c1"># character set.</span>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span>
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</code></pre></div>
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