Enable ruff UP (pyupgrade) rule and fix all 56 violations

Enable the ruff `UP` rule set for automatic Python modernization checks.

Changes across 17 files:
- UP006: Replace deprecated typing.Tuple/Dict/List with builtin equivalents
- UP012: Remove unnecessary .encode('utf-8') calls
- UP015: Remove redundant open() modes
- UP028: Replace yield-over-for with yield from
- UP031/UP032: Modernize string formatting to f-strings/format specs
- UP035: Import from collections.abc instead of typing

Also fixes import ordering (I001) caused by the import changes.

httpx/_client.py

@@ -150,8 +150,7 @@ class BoundSyncStream(SyncByteStream):
         self._start = start
 
     def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
-        for chunk in self._stream:
-            yield chunk
+        yield from self._stream
 
     def close(self) -> None:
         elapsed = time.perf_counter() - self._start

httpx/_content.py

@@ -2,14 +2,10 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 import inspect
 import warnings
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterable, AsyncIterator, Iterable, Iterator, Mapping
 from json import dumps as json_dumps
 from typing import (
     Any,
-    AsyncIterable,
-    AsyncIterator,
-    Iterable,
-    Iterator,
-    Mapping,
 )
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 
@@ -60,8 +56,7 @@ class IteratorByteStream(SyncByteStream):
                 chunk = self._stream.read(self.CHUNK_SIZE)
         else:
             # Otherwise iterate.
-            for part in self._stream:
-                yield part
+            yield from self._stream
 
 
 class AsyncIteratorByteStream(AsyncByteStream):

httpx/_main.py

@@ -186,9 +186,9 @@ def print_response(response: Response) -> None:
         console.print(f"<{len(response.content)} bytes of binary data>")
 
 
-_PCTRTT = typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[str, str], ...]
-_PCTRTTT = typing.Tuple[_PCTRTT, ...]
-_PeerCertRetDictType = typing.Dict[str, typing.Union[str, _PCTRTTT, _PCTRTT]]
+_PCTRTT = tuple[tuple[str, str], ...]
+_PCTRTTT = tuple[_PCTRTT, ...]
+_PeerCertRetDictType = dict[str, typing.Union[str, _PCTRTTT, _PCTRTT]]
 
 
 def format_certificate(cert: _PeerCertRetDictType) -> str:  # pragma: no cover

httpx/_multipart.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from ._utils import (
 
 _HTML5_FORM_ENCODING_REPLACEMENTS = {'"': "%22", "\\": "\\\\"}
 _HTML5_FORM_ENCODING_REPLACEMENTS.update(
-    {chr(c): "%{:02X}".format(c) for c in range(0x1F + 1) if c != 0x1B}
+    {chr(c): f"%{c:02X}" for c in range(0x1F + 1) if c != 0x1B}
 )
 _HTML5_FORM_ENCODING_RE = re.compile(
     r"|".join([re.escape(c) for c in _HTML5_FORM_ENCODING_REPLACEMENTS.keys()])
@@ -236,9 +236,9 @@ class MultipartStream(SyncByteStream, AsyncByteStream):
             boundary = os.urandom(16).hex().encode("ascii")
 
         self.boundary = boundary
-        self.content_type = "multipart/form-data; boundary=%s" % boundary.decode(
+        self.content_type = "multipart/form-data; boundary={}".format(boundary.decode(
             "ascii"
-        )
+        ))
         self.fields = list(self._iter_fields(data, files))
 
     def _iter_fields(
@@ -292,8 +292,7 @@ class MultipartStream(SyncByteStream, AsyncByteStream):
         return {"Content-Length": str(content_length), "Content-Type": content_type}
 
     def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
-        for chunk in self.iter_chunks():
-            yield chunk
+        yield from self.iter_chunks()
 
     async def __aiter__(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
         for chunk in self.iter_chunks():

httpx/_transports/default.py

@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ T = typing.TypeVar("T", bound="HTTPTransport")
 A = typing.TypeVar("A", bound="AsyncHTTPTransport")
 
 SOCKET_OPTION = typing.Union[
-    typing.Tuple[int, int, int],
-    typing.Tuple[int, int, typing.Union[bytes, bytearray]],
-    typing.Tuple[int, int, None, int],
+    tuple[int, int, int],
+    tuple[int, int, typing.Union[bytes, bytearray]],
+    tuple[int, int, None, int],
 ]
 
 __all__ = ["AsyncHTTPTransport", "HTTPTransport"]
@@ -124,8 +124,7 @@ class ResponseStream(SyncByteStream):
 
     def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
         with map_httpcore_exceptions():
-            for part in self._httpcore_stream:
-                yield part
+            yield from self._httpcore_stream
 
     def close(self) -> None:
         if hasattr(self._httpcore_stream, "close"):

httpx/_transports/wsgi.py

@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@ class WSGIByteStream(SyncByteStream):
         self._result = _skip_leading_empty_chunks(result)
 
     def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
-        for part in self._result:
-            yield part
+        yield from self._result
 
     def close(self) -> None:
         if self._close is not None:

httpx/_types.py

@@ -2,22 +2,21 @@
 Type definitions for type checking purposes.
 """
 
+from collections.abc import (
+    AsyncIterable,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    Mapping,
+    Sequence,
+)
 from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
 from typing import (
     IO,
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
-    AsyncIterable,
-    AsyncIterator,
     Callable,
-    Dict,
-    Iterable,
-    Iterator,
-    List,
-    Mapping,
     Optional,
-    Sequence,
-    Tuple,
     Union,
 )
 
@@ -35,8 +34,8 @@ URLTypes = Union["URL", str]
 QueryParamTypes = Union[
     "QueryParams",
     Mapping[str, Union[PrimitiveData, Sequence[PrimitiveData]]],
-    List[Tuple[str, PrimitiveData]],
-    Tuple[Tuple[str, PrimitiveData], ...],
+    list[tuple[str, PrimitiveData]],
+    tuple[tuple[str, PrimitiveData], ...],
     str,
     bytes,
 ]
@@ -45,22 +44,22 @@ HeaderTypes = Union[
     "Headers",
     Mapping[str, str],
     Mapping[bytes, bytes],
-    Sequence[Tuple[str, str]],
-    Sequence[Tuple[bytes, bytes]],
+    Sequence[tuple[str, str]],
+    Sequence[tuple[bytes, bytes]],
 ]
 
-CookieTypes = Union["Cookies", CookieJar, Dict[str, str], List[Tuple[str, str]]]
+CookieTypes = Union["Cookies", CookieJar, dict[str, str], list[tuple[str, str]]]
 
 TimeoutTypes = Union[
     Optional[float],
-    Tuple[Optional[float], Optional[float], Optional[float], Optional[float]],
+    tuple[Optional[float], Optional[float], Optional[float], Optional[float]],
     "Timeout",
 ]
 ProxyTypes = Union["URL", str, "Proxy"]
-CertTypes = Union[str, Tuple[str, str], Tuple[str, str, str]]
+CertTypes = Union[str, tuple[str, str], tuple[str, str, str]]
 
 AuthTypes = Union[
-    Tuple[Union[str, bytes], Union[str, bytes]],
+    tuple[Union[str, bytes], Union[str, bytes]],
     Callable[["Request"], "Request"],
     "Auth",
 ]
@@ -76,13 +75,13 @@ FileTypes = Union[
     # file (or bytes)
     FileContent,
     # (filename, file (or bytes))
-    Tuple[Optional[str], FileContent],
+    tuple[Optional[str], FileContent],
     # (filename, file (or bytes), content_type)
-    Tuple[Optional[str], FileContent, Optional[str]],
+    tuple[Optional[str], FileContent, Optional[str]],
     # (filename, file (or bytes), content_type, headers)
-    Tuple[Optional[str], FileContent, Optional[str], Mapping[str, str]],
+    tuple[Optional[str], FileContent, Optional[str], Mapping[str, str]],
 ]
-RequestFiles = Union[Mapping[str, FileTypes], Sequence[Tuple[str, FileTypes]]]
+RequestFiles = Union[Mapping[str, FileTypes], Sequence[tuple[str, FileTypes]]]
 
 RequestExtensions = Mapping[str, Any]
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pattern = 'src="(docs/img/.*?)"'
 replacement = 'src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/encode/httpx/master/\1"'
 
 [tool.ruff.lint]
-select = ["E", "F", "I", "B", "PIE"]
+select = ["E", "F", "I", "B", "PIE", "UP"]
 ignore = ["B904", "B028"]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint.isort]

tests/client/test_auth.py

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class DigestApp:
             "stale": "FALSE",
         }
         challenge_str = ", ".join(
-            '{}="{}"'.format(key, value)
+            f'{key}="{value}"'
             for key, value in challenge_data.items()
             if value
         )
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ async def test_digest_auth(
     assert response.status_code == 200
     assert len(response.history) == 1
 
-    authorization = typing.cast(typing.Dict[str, typing.Any], response.json())["auth"]
+    authorization = typing.cast(dict[str, typing.Any], response.json())["auth"]
     scheme, _, fields = authorization.partition(" ")
     assert scheme == "Digest"
 
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ async def test_digest_auth_no_specified_qop() -> None:
     assert response.status_code == 200
     assert len(response.history) == 1
 
-    authorization = typing.cast(typing.Dict[str, typing.Any], response.json())["auth"]
+    authorization = typing.cast(dict[str, typing.Any], response.json())["auth"]
     scheme, _, fields = authorization.partition(" ")
     assert scheme == "Digest"
 

tests/client/test_redirects.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def redirects(request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
 
     elif request.url.path == "/invalid_redirect":
         status_code = httpx.codes.SEE_OTHER
-        raw_headers = [(b"location", "https://😇/".encode("utf-8"))]
+        raw_headers = [(b"location", "https://😇/".encode())]
         return httpx.Response(status_code, headers=raw_headers)
 
     elif request.url.path == "/no_scheme_redirect":

tests/conftest.py

@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ def clean_environ():
     os.environ.update(original_environ)
 
 
-Message = typing.Dict[str, typing.Any]
+Message = dict[str, typing.Any]
 Receive = typing.Callable[[], typing.Awaitable[Message]]
 Send = typing.Callable[
-    [typing.Dict[str, typing.Any]], typing.Coroutine[None, None, None]
+    [dict[str, typing.Any]], typing.Coroutine[None, None, None]
 ]
-Scope = typing.Dict[str, typing.Any]
+Scope = dict[str, typing.Any]
 
 
 async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:

tests/models/test_headers.py

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ def test_headers_encoding_in_repr():
     """
     Headers should display an encoding in the repr if required.
     """
-    headers = httpx.Headers({b"custom": "example ☃".encode("utf-8")})
+    headers = httpx.Headers({b"custom": "example ☃".encode()})
     assert repr(headers) == "Headers({'custom': 'example ☃'}, encoding='utf-8')"
 
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ def test_headers_decode_utf_8():
     """
     Headers containing non-ascii codepoints should default to decoding as utf-8.
     """
-    raw_headers = [(b"Custom", "Code point: ☃".encode("utf-8"))]
+    raw_headers = [(b"Custom", "Code point: ☃".encode())]
     headers = httpx.Headers(raw_headers)
     assert dict(headers) == {"custom": "Code point: ☃"}
     assert headers.encoding == "utf-8"
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ def test_headers_decode_explicit_encoding():
     An explicit encoding may be set on headers in order to force a
     particular decoding.
     """
-    raw_headers = [(b"Custom", "Code point: ☃".encode("utf-8"))]
+    raw_headers = [(b"Custom", "Code point: ☃".encode())]
     headers = httpx.Headers(raw_headers)
     headers.encoding = "iso-8859-1"
     assert dict(headers) == {"custom": "Code point: â\x98\x83"}
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def test_sensitive_headers(header):
     """
     value = "s3kr3t"
     h = httpx.Headers({header: value})
-    assert repr(h) == "Headers({'%s': '[secure]'})" % header
+    assert repr(h) == f"Headers({{'{header}': '[secure]'}})"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(

tests/models/test_responses.py

@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ def test_response_default_to_utf8_encoding():
     """
     Default to utf-8 encoding if there is no Content-Type header.
     """
-    content = "おはようございます。".encode("utf-8")
+    content = "おはようございます。".encode()
     response = httpx.Response(
         200,
         content=content,
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ def test_response_fallback_to_utf8_encoding():
     Fallback to utf-8 if we get an invalid charset in the Content-Type header.
     """
     headers = {"Content-Type": "text-plain; charset=invalid-codec-name"}
-    content = "おはようございます。".encode("utf-8")
+    content = "おはようございます。".encode()
     response = httpx.Response(
         200,
         content=content,
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ def test_response_no_charset_with_utf8_content():
     A response with UTF-8 encoded content should decode correctly,
     even with no charset specified.
     """
-    content = "Unicode Snowman: ☃".encode("utf-8")
+    content = "Unicode Snowman: ☃".encode()
     headers = {"Content-Type": "text/plain"}
     response = httpx.Response(
         200,
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ def test_response_set_explicit_encoding():
 def test_response_force_encoding():
     response = httpx.Response(
         200,
-        content="Snowman: ☃".encode("utf-8"),
+        content="Snowman: ☃".encode(),
     )
     response.encoding = "iso-8859-1"
     assert response.status_code == 200

tests/models/test_whatwg.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from httpx._urlparse import urlparse
 
 # URL test cases from...
 # https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt/blob/master/url/resources/urltestdata.json
-with open("tests/models/whatwg.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as input:
+with open("tests/models/whatwg.json", encoding="utf-8") as input:
     test_cases = json.load(input)
     test_cases = [
         item

tests/test_auth.py

@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ def test_digest_auth_rfc_7616_md5(monkeypatch):
     # Example from https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7616#section-3.9.1
 
     def mock_get_client_nonce(nonce_count: int, nonce: bytes) -> bytes:
-        return "f2/wE4q74E6zIJEtWaHKaf5wv/H5QzzpXusqGemxURZJ".encode()
+        return b"f2/wE4q74E6zIJEtWaHKaf5wv/H5QzzpXusqGemxURZJ"
 
     auth = httpx.DigestAuth(username="Mufasa", password="Circle of Life")
     monkeypatch.setattr(auth, "_get_client_nonce", mock_get_client_nonce)
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ def test_digest_auth_rfc_7616_sha_256(monkeypatch):
     # Example from https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7616#section-3.9.1
 
     def mock_get_client_nonce(nonce_count: int, nonce: bytes) -> bytes:
-        return "f2/wE4q74E6zIJEtWaHKaf5wv/H5QzzpXusqGemxURZJ".encode()
+        return b"f2/wE4q74E6zIJEtWaHKaf5wv/H5QzzpXusqGemxURZJ"
 
     auth = httpx.DigestAuth(username="Mufasa", password="Circle of Life")
     monkeypatch.setattr(auth, "_get_client_nonce", mock_get_client_nonce)

tests/test_main.py

@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ def test_download(server):
     with runner.isolated_filesystem():
         runner.invoke(httpx.main, [url, "--download", "index.txt"])
         assert os.path.exists("index.txt")
-        with open("index.txt", "r") as input_file:
+        with open("index.txt") as input_file:
             assert input_file.read() == "Hello, world!"
 
 

tests/test_wsgi.py

@@ -24,8 +24,7 @@ def application_factory(output: typing.Iterable[bytes]) -> WSGIApplication:
 
         start_response(status, response_headers)
 
-        for item in output:
-            yield item
+        yield from output
 
     return wsgiref.validate.validator(application)