Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/main' into forwarded-header

Adds a new `--proxy-headers` mode option for selecting between the
existing `X-Forwarded-*` family (default `x-forwarded`) and the
standardized `Forwarded` header from RFC 7239 (new `forwarded`).
Modes are mutually exclusive: when one is selected, the other family
is ignored entirely so a client cannot smuggle values via whichever
family the proxy is not configured for.

The `x-forwarded` mode also now reads `X-Forwarded-Host` and rewrites
the request `Host` header. `scope["server"]` is left untouched per the
ASGI spec (it is the local bind, not a client-perceived host).

CLI is backwards compatible:

- `--proxy-headers` (bare) means `x-forwarded`, matching the prior bool
- `--no-proxy-headers` disables proxy header parsing
- `--proxy-headers x-forwarded|forwarded` selects the family

.github/workflows/zizmor.yml

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ jobs:
 
     permissions:
       security-events: write # Required for upload-sarif (used by zizmor-action) to upload SARIF files.
+      contents: read # Only needed for private repos. Needed to clone the repo.
+      actions: read # Only needed for private repos. Needed for upload-sarif to read workflow run info.
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository

docs/deployment/index.md

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ The default process manager monitors the status of child processes and automatic
 
 You can also manage child processes by sending specific signals to the main process. (Not supported on Windows.)
 
-- `SIGHUP`: Work processes are graceful restarted one after another. If you update the code, the new worker process will use the new code.
+- `SIGHUP`: Work processeses are graceful restarted one after another. If you update the code, the new worker process will use the new code.
 - `SIGTTIN`: Increase the number of worker processes by one.
 - `SIGTTOU`: Decrease the number of worker processes by one.
 
@@ -260,13 +260,21 @@ The factory is called inside each worker process, so it works with `--reload` an
 When running an application behind one or more proxies, certain information about the request is lost.
 To avoid this most proxies will add headers containing this information for downstream servers to read.
 
-Uvicorn currently supports the following headers:
+Uvicorn supports two header families, selected via `--proxy-headers <x-forwarded|forwarded>`:
 
-- `X-Forwarded-For` ([MDN Reference](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Forwarded-For))
-- `X-Forwarded-Proto`([MDN Reference](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Forwarded-Proto))
+`x-forwarded` (default):
 
-Uvicorn can use these headers to correctly set the client and protocol in the request.
-However as anyone can set these headers you must configure which "clients" you will trust to have set them correctly.
+- `X-Forwarded-For` ([MDN Reference](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Forwarded-For)) - sets `scope["client"]`.
+- `X-Forwarded-Proto` ([MDN Reference](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Forwarded-Proto)) - sets `scope["scheme"]`.
+- `X-Forwarded-Host` ([MDN Reference](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Forwarded-Host)) - rewrites the `Host` request header.
+
+`forwarded`:
+
+- `Forwarded` ([RFC 7239](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7239)) - the standardized header that combines all of the above into a single value with `for=`, `proto=`, and `host=` parameters.
+
+The two modes are mutually exclusive: when one is selected, the other family is ignored entirely. This is intentional - silent fallback would let a client set whichever family the proxy is not configured for. Choose the mode that matches what your upstream proxy emits.
+
+However, as anyone can set these headers you must configure which "clients" you will trust to have set them correctly.
 
 Uvicorn can be configured to trust IP Addresses (e.g. `127.0.0.1`), IP Networks (e.g. `10.100.0.0/16`),
 or Literals (e.g. `/path/to/socket.sock`). When running from CLI these are configured using `--forwarded-allow-ips`.

docs/release-notes.md

@@ -2,20 +2,6 @@
 toc_depth: 2
 ---
 
-## 0.47.0 (May 14, 2026)
-
-### Added
-
-* Add `ssl_context_factory` for custom `SSLContext` configuration (#2920)
-
-### Changed
-
-* Eagerly import the ASGI app in the parent process (#2919)
-
-### Fixed
-
-* Treat `fd=0` as a valid file descriptor with reload/workers (#2927)
-
 ## 0.46.0 (April 23, 2026)
 
 ### Added

docs/settings.md

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ Note that WSGI mode always disables WebSocket support, as it is not supported by
 ## HTTP
 
 * `--root-path <str>` - Set the ASGI `root_path` for applications submounted below a given URL path. **Default:** *""*.
-* `--proxy-headers / --no-proxy-headers` - Enable/Disable X-Forwarded-Proto, X-Forwarded-For to populate remote address info. Defaults to enabled, but is restricted to only trusting connecting IPs in the `forwarded-allow-ips` configuration.
+* `--proxy-headers <x-forwarded|forwarded>` - Which forwarding-header family to read to populate remote address info, scheme, and host. `x-forwarded` (default) reads `X-Forwarded-Proto`, `X-Forwarded-For`, and `X-Forwarded-Host`. `forwarded` reads the standardized `Forwarded` header from [RFC 7239](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7239). Modes are mutually exclusive: when one is selected, the other family is ignored entirely. Bare `--proxy-headers` means `x-forwarded` (matching the prior boolean default). Use `--no-proxy-headers` to disable. Header parsing is restricted to only trusting connecting IPs in the `forwarded-allow-ips` configuration.
 * `--forwarded-allow-ips <comma-separated-list>` - Comma separated list of IP Addresses, IP Networks, or literals (e.g. UNIX Socket path) to trust with proxy headers. Defaults to the `$FORWARDED_ALLOW_IPS` environment variable if available, or '127.0.0.1'. The literal `'*'` means trust everything.
 * `--server-header / --no-server-header` - Enable/Disable default `Server` header. **Default:** *True*.
 * `--date-header / --no-date-header` - Enable/Disable default `Date` header. **Default:** *True*.

pyproject.toml

@@ -82,8 +82,7 @@ docs = [
 
 [tool.uv]
 default-groups = ["dev", "docs"]
-required-version = ">=0.9.17"
-exclude-newer = "7 days"
+required-version = ">=0.8.6"
 
 [project.scripts]
 uvicorn = "uvicorn.main:main"

tests/middleware/test_proxy_headers.py

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 X_FORWARDED_FOR = "X-Forwarded-For"
 X_FORWARDED_PROTO = "X-Forwarded-Proto"
+FORWARDED = "Forwarded"
 
 
 async def default_app(scope: Scope, receive: ASGIReceiveCallable, send: ASGISendCallable) -> None:
@@ -554,3 +555,330 @@ async def test_proxy_headers_empty_x_forwarded_for() -> None:
         response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
     assert response.status_code == 200
     assert response.text == "https://127.0.0.1:123"
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# RFC 7239 `Forwarded` header (mode="forwarded")
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+async def forwarded_app(scope: Scope, receive: ASGIReceiveCallable, send: ASGISendCallable) -> None:
+    """Echoes scheme, client, and host header as space-separated `key=value` pairs."""
+    headers = dict(scope["headers"])  # type: ignore
+    host_header = headers.get(b"host", b"").decode("latin1")
+    client = scope["client"]  # type: ignore
+    scheme = scope["scheme"]  # type: ignore
+    assert client is not None
+    body = f"scheme={scheme} client={client[0]}:{client[1]} host={host_header}"
+    await Response(body, media_type="text/plain")(scope, receive, send)
+
+
+def parse_echo(text: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Parse `forwarded_app`'s `key=value key=value ...` echo into a dict."""
+    return dict(part.split("=", 1) for part in text.split(" "))
+
+
+def make_forwarded_client(
+    trusted_hosts: str | list[str],
+    client: tuple[str, int] = ("127.0.0.1", 123),
+) -> httpx.AsyncClient:
+    """httpx client wired to a `mode='forwarded'` middleware over `forwarded_app`."""
+    app = ProxyHeadersMiddleware(forwarded_app, trusted_hosts, mode="forwarded")
+    transport = httpx.ASGITransport(app=app, client=client)  # type: ignore
+    return httpx.AsyncClient(transport=transport, base_url="http://testserver")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_multiple_hops_picks_rightmost() -> None:
+    """Walks from the right; first hop whose `for=` is not trusted is the client."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("10.0.0.0/8", client=("10.0.0.5", 1234)) as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "for=1.2.3.4, for=10.0.0.5;proto=http, for=10.0.0.6"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert parse_echo(response.text)["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_falls_back_to_leftmost_when_all_trusted() -> None:
+    async with make_forwarded_client("10.0.0.0/8", client=("10.0.0.5", 1234)) as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "for=10.0.0.1, for=10.0.0.2"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert parse_echo(response.text)["client"] == "10.0.0.1:0"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_quoted_string_escape_is_unescaped() -> None:
+    """RFC 7230 quoted-string: `\\"` inside quotes decodes to a literal `"`."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: r'for="1.2.3.4";host="weird\"name"'}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert parse_echo(response.text)["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_case_insensitive_param_keys() -> None:
+    """RFC 7239 §4: parameter names are case-insensitive."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "For=1.2.3.4;PROTO=https;Host=public.example"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["scheme"] == "https"
+    assert echo["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+    assert echo["host"] == "public.example"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_unknown_params_ignored() -> None:
+    """Unrecognized parameters (here, `secret`) must not affect scope mutation."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "for=1.2.3.4;secret=hunter2;proto=https"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+    assert echo["scheme"] == "https"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_empty_header_does_not_mutate_scope() -> None:
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: ""}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    # Untouched scope: peer client is the httpx transport peer, scheme stays http.
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["client"] == "127.0.0.1:123"
+    assert echo["scheme"] == "http"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_malformed_pair_in_entry_is_dropped_but_entry_survives() -> None:
+    """Pairs without `=` are skipped, other params on the same hop survive."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "for=1.2.3.4;novalue;proto=https"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+    assert echo["scheme"] == "https"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_duplicate_param_drops_entry() -> None:
+    """RFC 7239 §4: each parameter appears at most once per element. Smuggling defense -
+    a single hop with two `for=` values must be rejected so an attacker cannot prepend
+    a fake value that some downstream parser might pick over the real one."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "for=attacker.example;for=1.2.3.4"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    # Entire entry is dropped; scope falls through to the peer client.
+    assert parse_echo(response.text)["client"] == "127.0.0.1:123"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_duplicate_param_only_drops_offending_entry() -> None:
+    """A poisoned entry must not contaminate a later, well-formed entry in the same header."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "for=attacker.example;for=1.2.3.4, for=5.6.7.8"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert parse_echo(response.text)["client"] == "5.6.7.8:0"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_missing_for_is_unanchorable() -> None:
+    """An entry without `for=` cannot identify a client and must be skipped entirely."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "host=attacker.example;proto=https"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    # `host=`/`proto=` from an unanchorable entry must NOT apply to the request.
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["host"] != "attacker.example"
+    assert echo["scheme"] == "http"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_placeholder_for_filtered_under_always_trust() -> None:
+    """With `always_trust=*`, an unanchorable leftmost entry must not be the fallback."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "for=unknown;proto=https;host=attacker.example, for=1.2.3.4"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+    assert echo["host"] != "attacker.example"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("placeholder", ["unknown", "Unknown", "_hidden"])
+async def test_forwarded_mode_placeholder_for_variants_are_unanchorable(placeholder: str) -> None:
+    """`unknown` (case-insensitive) and `_*` obfuscated identifiers cannot anchor a hop."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: f"for={placeholder};host=attacker.example;proto=https"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["host"] != "attacker.example"
+    assert echo["scheme"] == "http"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_basic() -> None:
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "for=1.2.3.4;proto=https;host=public.example:9000"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["scheme"] == "https"
+    assert echo["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+    assert echo["host"] == "public.example:9000"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_untrusted_peer_ignored() -> None:
+    async with make_forwarded_client("192.168.0.1") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "for=attacker.example;proto=https;host=attacker.example"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["client"] != "attacker.example:0"
+    assert echo["host"] != "attacker.example"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_ipv6_quoted() -> None:
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: 'for="[2001:db8::1]:443";proto=https;host="public.example"'}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["scheme"] == "https"
+    assert echo["client"] == "2001:db8::1:443"
+    assert echo["host"] == "public.example"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_chained_proxy_picks_rightmost_untrusted() -> None:
+    """The connecting peer (10.0.0.5) and the next-to-last hop are both trusted; client = 1.2.3.4."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("10.0.0.0/8", client=("10.0.0.5", 1234)) as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "for=1.2.3.4;proto=https, for=10.0.0.5;proto=http;host=internal.lan"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    # The rightmost untrusted hop is `for=1.2.3.4`, which carries `proto=https` only.
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+    assert echo["scheme"] == "https"
+    assert echo["host"] != "internal.lan"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_placeholder_for_falls_through() -> None:
+    """`for=unknown` is unanchorable; the next anchorable hop wins."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("10.0.0.0/8", client=("10.0.0.5", 1234)) as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "for=unknown;proto=https;host=attacker.example, for=1.2.3.4;proto=http"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+    assert echo["host"] != "attacker.example"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_proto_case_insensitive() -> None:
+    """RFC 3986 - URI schemes are case-insensitive. `proto=HTTPS` must work."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {FORWARDED: "for=1.2.3.4;proto=HTTPS;host=public.example"}
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert parse_echo(response.text)["scheme"] == "https"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_ignores_x_forwarded_headers() -> None:
+    """When mode='forwarded', the X-Forwarded-* family must be completely ignored."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("*") as client:
+        headers = {
+            FORWARDED: "for=1.2.3.4;proto=https",
+            X_FORWARDED_FOR: "9.9.9.9",
+            X_FORWARDED_PROTO: "http",
+            "X-Forwarded-Host": "attacker.example",
+        }
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+    assert echo["scheme"] == "https"
+    assert echo["host"] != "attacker.example"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_x_forwarded_mode_ignores_forwarded_header() -> None:
+    """And vice versa: when mode='x-forwarded' (default), `Forwarded` is ignored."""
+    app = ProxyHeadersMiddleware(forwarded_app, trusted_hosts="*", mode="x-forwarded")
+    transport = httpx.ASGITransport(app=app, client=("127.0.0.1", 123))  # type: ignore
+    async with httpx.AsyncClient(transport=transport, base_url="http://testserver") as client:
+        headers = {
+            FORWARDED: "for=attacker.example;proto=https;host=attacker.example",
+            X_FORWARDED_FOR: "1.2.3.4",
+            X_FORWARDED_PROTO: "https",
+        }
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+    assert echo["host"] != "attacker.example"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_via_config(unused_tcp_port: int) -> None:
+    """Programmatic API: `Config(proxy_headers_mode='forwarded')` wires the right mode."""
+    config = Config(
+        app=forwarded_app,
+        loop="asyncio",
+        limit_max_requests=1,
+        proxy_headers_mode="forwarded",
+        forwarded_allow_ips="*",
+        port=unused_tcp_port,
+    )
+    async with run_server(config):
+        async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
+            headers = {FORWARDED: "for=1.2.3.4;proto=https;host=public.example:9000"}
+            response = await client.get(f"http://127.0.0.1:{unused_tcp_port}", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["scheme"] == "https"
+    assert echo["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+    assert echo["host"] == "public.example:9000"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_x_forwarded_proto_last_wins_on_duplicates() -> None:
+    """X-Forwarded-Proto is single-valued; if duplicated, take the rightmost (the value
+    appended by the trusted upstream proxy, not a client-supplied earlier copy)."""
+    async with make_httpx_client("*") as client:
+        # httpx.Headers preserves multiple values for the same name in order.
+        headers = httpx.Headers(
+            [(X_FORWARDED_PROTO, "http"), (X_FORWARDED_PROTO, "https"), (X_FORWARDED_FOR, "1.2.3.4")]
+        )
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    # The default_app echoes scheme://client; last X-Forwarded-Proto value (https) wins.
+    assert response.text == "https://1.2.3.4:0"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.anyio
+async def test_forwarded_mode_joins_multiple_forwarded_headers() -> None:
+    """Multiple `Forwarded` headers are list-equivalent per RFC 7230 §3.2.2."""
+    async with make_forwarded_client("10.0.0.0/8", client=("10.0.0.5", 1234)) as client:
+        headers = httpx.Headers([(FORWARDED, "for=1.2.3.4;proto=https"), (FORWARDED, "for=10.0.0.5")])
+        response = await client.get("/", headers=headers)
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    # Right-most untrusted in the joined list is `for=1.2.3.4` (10.0.0.5 is trusted).
+    echo = parse_echo(response.text)
+    assert echo["client"] == "1.2.3.4:0"
+    assert echo["scheme"] == "https"

tests/test_config.py

@@ -553,37 +553,6 @@ def test_bind_fd_works_with_reload_or_workers(reload: bool, workers: int):  # pr
     fdsock.close()
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
-def stdin_socket() -> Iterator[socket.socket]:  # pragma: py-win32
-    with closing(socket.socket(socket.AF_INET)) as sock:
-        sock.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))
-        saved_stdin = os.dup(0)
-        os.dup2(sock.fileno(), 0)
-        try:
-            yield sock
-        finally:
-            os.dup2(saved_stdin, 0)
-            os.close(saved_stdin)
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "reload, workers",
-    [
-        (True, 1),
-        (False, 2),
-    ],
-    ids=["--reload=True --workers=1", "--reload=False --workers=2"],
-)
-@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="require unix-like system")
-def test_bind_stdin_works_with_reload_or_workers(
-    reload: bool, workers: int, stdin_socket: socket.socket
-):  # pragma: py-win32
-    config = Config(app=asgi_app, fd=0, reload=reload, workers=workers)
-    config.load()
-    with closing(config.bind_socket()) as sock:
-        assert sock.getsockname() == stdin_socket.getsockname()
-
-
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "reload, workers, expected",
     [

tests/test_server.py

@@ -142,13 +142,17 @@ async def test_limit_max_requests_jitter(
     config = Config(
         app=app, limit_max_requests=1, limit_max_requests_jitter=2, port=unused_tcp_port, http=http_protocol_cls
     )
-    async with run_server(config) as server:
-        limit = server.limit_max_requests
-        assert limit is not None
-        assert 1 <= limit <= 3
-        async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
-            tasks = [client.get(f"http://127.0.0.1:{unused_tcp_port}") for _ in range(limit + 1)]
-            await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+    server = Server(config=config)
+    limit = server.limit_max_requests
+    assert limit is not None
+    assert 1 <= limit <= 3
+    task = asyncio.create_task(server.serve())
+    while not server.started:
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
+    async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
+        for _ in range(limit + 1):
+            await client.get(f"http://127.0.0.1:{unused_tcp_port}")
+    await task
     assert f"Maximum request limit of {limit} exceeded. Terminating process." in caplog.text
 
 

uv.lock

@@ -1757,11 +1757,11 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "urllib3"
-version = "2.7.0"
+version = "2.6.3"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/53/0c/06f8b233b8fd13b9e5ee11424ef85419ba0d8ba0b3138bf360be2ff56953/urllib3-2.7.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:231e0ec3b63ceb14667c67be60f2f2c40a518cb38b03af60abc813da26505f4c", size = 433602, upload-time = "2026-05-07T16:13:18.596Z" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c7/24/5f1b3bdffd70275f6661c76461e25f024d5a38a46f04aaca912426a2b1d3/urllib3-2.6.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:1b62b6884944a57dbe321509ab94fd4d3b307075e0c2eae991ac71ee15ad38ed", size = 435556, upload-time = "2026-01-07T16:24:43.925Z" }
 wheels = [
-    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/7f/3e/5db95bcf282c52709639744ca2a8b149baccf648e39c8cc87553df9eae0c/urllib3-2.7.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:9fb4c81ebbb1ce9531cce37674bbc6f1360472bc18ca9a553ede278ef7276897", size = 131087, upload-time = "2026-05-07T16:13:17.151Z" },
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/39/08/aaaad47bc4e9dc8c725e68f9d04865dbcb2052843ff09c97b08904852d84/urllib3-2.6.3-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:bf272323e553dfb2e87d9bfd225ca7b0f467b919d7bbd355436d3fd37cb0acd4", size = 131584, upload-time = "2026-01-07T16:24:42.685Z" },
 ]
 
 [[package]]

uvicorn/__init__.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from uvicorn.config import Config
 from uvicorn.main import Server, main, run
 
-__version__ = "0.47.0"
+__version__ = "0.46.0"
 __all__ = ["main", "run", "Config", "Server"]

uvicorn/config.py

@@ -205,6 +205,7 @@ class Config:
         reload_excludes: list[str] | str | None = None,
         workers: int | None = None,
         proxy_headers: bool = True,
+        proxy_headers_mode: Literal["x-forwarded", "forwarded"] = "x-forwarded",
         server_header: bool = True,
         date_header: bool = True,
         forwarded_allow_ips: list[str] | str | None = None,
@@ -254,6 +255,7 @@ class Config:
         self.reload_delay = reload_delay
         self.workers = workers or 1
         self.proxy_headers = proxy_headers
+        self.proxy_headers_mode = proxy_headers_mode
         self.server_header = server_header
         self.date_header = date_header
         self.root_path = root_path
@@ -511,7 +513,11 @@ class Config:
         if logger.getEffectiveLevel() <= TRACE_LOG_LEVEL:
             self.loaded_app = MessageLoggerMiddleware(self.loaded_app)
         if self.proxy_headers:
-            self.loaded_app = ProxyHeadersMiddleware(self.loaded_app, trusted_hosts=self.forwarded_allow_ips)
+            self.loaded_app = ProxyHeadersMiddleware(
+                self.loaded_app,
+                trusted_hosts=self.forwarded_allow_ips,
+                mode=self.proxy_headers_mode,
+            )
 
         self.loaded = True
 
@@ -537,7 +543,7 @@ class Config:
 
     def bind_socket(self) -> socket.socket:
         logger_args: list[str | int]
-        if self.uds is not None:  # pragma: py-win32
+        if self.uds:  # pragma: py-win32
             path = self.uds
             sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
             try:
@@ -552,7 +558,7 @@ class Config:
             sock_name_format = "%s"
             color_message = "Uvicorn running on " + click.style(sock_name_format, bold=True) + " (Press CTRL+C to quit)"
             logger_args = [self.uds]
-        elif self.fd is not None:  # pragma: py-win32
+        elif self.fd:  # pragma: py-win32
             sock = socket.fromfd(self.fd, socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
             message = "Uvicorn running on socket %s (Press CTRL+C to quit)"
             fd_name_format = "%s"

uvicorn/main.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import sys
 import warnings
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from configparser import RawConfigParser
-from typing import IO, Any, get_args
+from typing import IO, Any, Literal, get_args
 
 import click
 
@@ -223,10 +223,23 @@ def print_version(ctx: click.Context, param: click.Parameter, value: bool) -> No
     help="Enable/Disable colorized logging.",
 )
 @click.option(
-    "--proxy-headers/--no-proxy-headers",
+    "--proxy-headers",
+    type=click.Choice(["x-forwarded", "forwarded"]),
+    is_flag=False,
+    flag_value="x-forwarded",
+    default="x-forwarded",
+    show_default=True,
+    help="Which forwarding-header family to read. `x-forwarded` (default) reads "
+    "X-Forwarded-Proto / -For / -Host. `forwarded` reads the RFC 7239 `Forwarded` header. "
+    "Bare `--proxy-headers` means `x-forwarded` (matches the prior boolean default). "
+    "Use `--no-proxy-headers` to disable.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--no-proxy-headers",
+    "no_proxy_headers",
     is_flag=True,
-    default=True,
-    help="Enable/Disable X-Forwarded-Proto, X-Forwarded-For to populate url scheme and remote address info.",
+    default=False,
+    help="Disable proxy header parsing.",
 )
 @click.option(
     "--server-header/--no-server-header",
@@ -412,7 +425,8 @@ def main(
     log_config: str,
     log_level: str,
     access_log: bool,
-    proxy_headers: bool,
+    proxy_headers: Literal["x-forwarded", "forwarded"],
+    no_proxy_headers: bool,
     server_header: bool,
     date_header: bool,
     forwarded_allow_ips: str,
@@ -438,6 +452,8 @@ def main(
     reset_contextvars: bool,
     factory: bool,
 ) -> None:
+    proxy_headers_enabled = not no_proxy_headers
+    proxy_headers_mode = proxy_headers
     run(
         app,
         host=host,
@@ -464,7 +480,8 @@ def main(
         reload_excludes=reload_excludes or None,
         reload_delay=reload_delay,
         workers=workers,
-        proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
+        proxy_headers=proxy_headers_enabled,
+        proxy_headers_mode=proxy_headers_mode,
         server_header=server_header,
         date_header=date_header,
         forwarded_allow_ips=forwarded_allow_ips,
@@ -520,6 +537,7 @@ def run(
     log_level: str | int | None = None,
     access_log: bool = True,
     proxy_headers: bool = True,
+    proxy_headers_mode: Literal["x-forwarded", "forwarded"] = "x-forwarded",
     server_header: bool = True,
     date_header: bool = True,
     forwarded_allow_ips: list[str] | str | None = None,
@@ -576,6 +594,7 @@ def run(
         log_level=log_level,
         access_log=access_log,
         proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
+        proxy_headers_mode=proxy_headers_mode,
         server_header=server_header,
         date_header=date_header,
         forwarded_allow_ips=forwarded_allow_ips,

uvicorn/middleware/proxy_headers.py

@@ -1,60 +1,155 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import ipaddress
+from typing import Literal
 
-from uvicorn._types import ASGI3Application, ASGIReceiveCallable, ASGISendCallable, Scope
+from uvicorn._types import ASGI3Application, ASGIReceiveCallable, ASGISendCallable, Scope, WWWScope
 
 
 class ProxyHeadersMiddleware:
-    """Middleware for handling known proxy headers
+    """Maps proxy-supplied forwarding headers onto the ASGI scope.
 
-    This middleware can be used when a known proxy is fronting the application,
-    and is trusted to be properly setting the `X-Forwarded-Proto` and
-    `X-Forwarded-For` headers with the connecting client information.
+    Selects a parser at construction based on `mode`:
 
-    Modifies the `client` and `scheme` information so that they reference
-    the connecting client, rather that the connecting proxy.
+    * `"x-forwarded"` (default) - reads `X-Forwarded-Proto`, `X-Forwarded-For`,
+      and `X-Forwarded-Host`.
+    * `"forwarded"` - reads the standardized `Forwarded` header (RFC 7239).
 
-    References:
-    - <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers#Proxies>
-    - <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Forwarded-For>
+    Modes are mutually exclusive: when one is selected, the other family is
+    ignored entirely. Silent fallback would let an attacker set whichever
+    family the proxy is not configured for.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, app: ASGI3Application, trusted_hosts: list[str] | str = "127.0.0.1") -> None:
-        self.app = app
-        self.trusted_hosts = _TrustedHosts(trusted_hosts)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: ASGI3Application,
+        trusted_hosts: list[str] | str = "127.0.0.1",
+        mode: Literal["x-forwarded", "forwarded"] = "x-forwarded",
+    ) -> None:
+        trusted = _TrustedHosts(trusted_hosts)
+        self._inner = (_XForwardedParser if mode == "x-forwarded" else _RFC7239Parser)(app, trusted)
 
     async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: ASGIReceiveCallable, send: ASGISendCallable) -> None:
-        if scope["type"] == "lifespan":
-            return await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+        return await self._inner(scope, receive, send)
 
-        client_addr = scope.get("client")
-        client_host = client_addr[0] if client_addr else None
 
-        if client_host in self.trusted_hosts:
-            headers = dict(scope["headers"])
+class _BaseForwardedParser:
+    """Base parser: handles trust gating and shared scope rewriting.
 
-            if b"x-forwarded-proto" in headers:
-                x_forwarded_proto = headers[b"x-forwarded-proto"].decode("latin1").strip()
+    Subclasses implement `apply`, which is invoked only when the connecting peer is in the trust set.
+    """
 
-                if x_forwarded_proto in {"http", "https", "ws", "wss"}:
-                    if scope["type"] == "websocket":
-                        scope["scheme"] = x_forwarded_proto.replace("http", "ws")
-                    else:
-                        scope["scheme"] = x_forwarded_proto
-
-            if b"x-forwarded-for" in headers:
-                x_forwarded_for = headers[b"x-forwarded-for"].decode("latin1")
-                host, port = self.trusted_hosts.get_trusted_client_address(x_forwarded_for)
-
-                if host:
-                    # If the x-forwarded-for header is empty then host is an empty string.
-                    # Only set the client if we actually got something usable.
-                    # See: https://github.com/Kludex/uvicorn/issues/1068
-                    scope["client"] = (host, port)
+    def __init__(self, app: ASGI3Application, trusted: _TrustedHosts) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.trusted = trusted
 
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: ASGIReceiveCallable, send: ASGISendCallable) -> None:
+        if scope["type"] != "lifespan":
+            client_addr = scope.get("client")
+            client_host = client_addr[0] if client_addr else None
+            if client_host in self.trusted:
+                self.apply(scope)
         return await self.app(scope, receive, send)
 
+    def apply(self, scope: WWWScope) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def set_scheme(scope: WWWScope, proto: str) -> None:
+        if proto not in {"http", "https", "ws", "wss"}:
+            return
+        if scope["type"] == "websocket":
+            scope["scheme"] = proto.replace("http", "ws")
+        else:
+            scope["scheme"] = proto
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def set_host(scope: WWWScope, host_value: str) -> None:
+        # Rewrite only the `Host` header. Per ASGI, `scope["server"]` is the local bind
+        # address, not the client-perceived host, so we leave it untouched.
+        scope["headers"] = [(name, value) for name, value in scope["headers"] if name != b"host"] + [
+            (b"host", host_value.encode("latin1"))
+        ]
+
+
+class _XForwardedParser(_BaseForwardedParser):
+    """Reads the `X-Forwarded-Proto`, `X-Forwarded-For`, `X-Forwarded-Host` family."""
+
+    def apply(self, scope: WWWScope) -> None:
+        if (proto := _last_field(scope, b"x-forwarded-proto")) is not None:
+            self.set_scheme(scope, proto.strip())
+
+        if (forwarded_for := _join_field(scope, b"x-forwarded-for")) is not None:
+            host, port = self.trusted.get_trusted_client_address(forwarded_for)
+            if host:
+                # Empty x-forwarded-for yields an empty host - skip in that case.
+                # See: https://github.com/Kludex/uvicorn/issues/1068
+                scope["client"] = (host, port)
+
+        if (forwarded_host := _last_field(scope, b"x-forwarded-host")) is not None:
+            if (value := forwarded_host.strip()) != "":
+                self.set_host(scope, value)
+
+
+class _RFC7239Parser(_BaseForwardedParser):
+    """Reads the standardized `Forwarded` header (RFC 7239)."""
+
+    def apply(self, scope: WWWScope) -> None:
+        if (forwarded := _join_field(scope, b"forwarded")) is None:
+            return
+
+        entry = self.trusted.get_trusted_forwarded_entry(forwarded)
+        if entry is None:
+            return
+
+        if (proto := entry.get("proto")) is not None:
+            self.set_scheme(scope, proto.lower())
+
+        # `for=` is guaranteed present and non-placeholder by `get_trusted_forwarded_entry`.
+        host, port = _parse_host_port(entry["for"])
+        if host:
+            scope["client"] = (host, port)
+
+        if (forwarded_host := entry.get("host")) is not None and forwarded_host != "":
+            self.set_host(scope, forwarded_host)
+
+
+def _join_field(scope: WWWScope, name: bytes) -> str | None:
+    """Concatenate all occurrences of a list-valued header field in wire order.
+
+    Per RFC 7230 §3.2.2 and RFC 7239 §7.1, list-valued header fields may appear
+    multiple times in the message and are equivalent to a single field with a
+    comma-joined value. `dict(scope["headers"])` would keep only one
+    occurrence and is unsafe for these fields.
+    """
+    values = [value.decode("latin1") for n, value in scope["headers"] if n == name]
+    if not values:
+        return None
+    return ", ".join(values)
+
+
+def _last_field(scope: WWWScope, name: bytes) -> str | None:
+    """Return the last occurrence of a single-valued header field.
+
+    `X-Forwarded-Proto` and `X-Forwarded-Host` are de-facto single-valued
+    headers; if the message contains repeats, the rightmost is the value
+    appended by the trusted upstream proxy (nginx, Apache, ALB and friends
+    all append rather than prepend). Picking the leftmost would let an
+    attacker preserve a client-supplied value past a proxy. This also
+    matches the prior uvicorn behavior, which used `dict(scope["headers"])`
+    and effectively kept the last value.
+    """
+    result: str | None = None
+    for n, value in scope["headers"]:
+        if n == name:
+            result = value.decode("latin1")
+    return result
+
+
+def _is_placeholder_for(value: str) -> bool:
+    """RFC 7239 placeholder identifiers: `unknown` (case-insensitive) or obfuscated `_*`."""
+    return value.lower() == "unknown" or value.startswith("_")
+
 
 def _parse_raw_hosts(value: str) -> list[str]:
     return [item.strip() for item in value.split(",")]
@@ -64,8 +159,8 @@ def _parse_host_port(value: str) -> tuple[str, int]:
     """Parse a forwarded host value into host and optional port.
 
     Accepts bare IPs, IPv4 `host:port`, and bracketed IPv6 `[host]:port`.
-    Any unrecognized or malformed value is treated conservatively and returned
-    without a port so trust checks do not silently normalize arbitrary input.
+    Any unrecognized or malformed value is returned without a port so trust
+    checks do not silently normalize arbitrary input.
     """
 
     if value.startswith("["):
@@ -95,6 +190,77 @@ def _parse_host_port(value: str) -> tuple[str, int]:
     return value, 0
 
 
+def _parse_forwarded(value: str) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+    """Parse an RFC 7239 `Forwarded` header into a list of hop dicts.
+
+    Each entry maps lowercase parameter names (`for`, `host`, `proto`,
+    `by`) to their (unquoted) values. Unrecognized parameters are dropped;
+    malformed pairs are skipped without raising. Per RFC 7239 §4 each
+    parameter must occur at most once per forwarded-element; entries that
+    violate this are discarded entirely to avoid header smuggling.
+    """
+
+    entries: list[dict[str, str]] = []
+    for raw_entry in _split_outside_quotes(value, ","):
+        params: dict[str, str] = {}
+        duplicate = False
+        for raw_pair in _split_outside_quotes(raw_entry, ";"):
+            name, sep, val = raw_pair.strip().partition("=")
+            if not sep:
+                continue
+            key = name.strip().lower()
+            if key in {"for", "host", "proto", "by"}:
+                if key in params:
+                    duplicate = True
+                    break
+                params[key] = _unquote(val.strip())
+        if params and not duplicate:
+            entries.append(params)
+    return entries
+
+
+def _split_outside_quotes(value: str, separator: str) -> list[str]:
+    """Split `value` on `separator` while respecting RFC 7230 quoted-strings."""
+    parts: list[str] = []
+    current: list[str] = []
+    in_quotes = False
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(value):
+        ch = value[i]
+        if ch == "\\" and in_quotes and i + 1 < len(value):
+            current.append(value[i : i + 2])
+            i += 2
+            continue
+        if ch == '"':
+            in_quotes = not in_quotes
+            current.append(ch)
+        elif ch == separator and not in_quotes:
+            parts.append("".join(current))
+            current = []
+        else:
+            current.append(ch)
+        i += 1
+    parts.append("".join(current))
+    return parts
+
+
+def _unquote(value: str) -> str:
+    """Strip surrounding quotes and unescape backslash sequences (RFC 7230)."""
+    if len(value) >= 2 and value[0] == '"' and value[-1] == '"':
+        inner = value[1:-1]
+        result: list[str] = []
+        i = 0
+        while i < len(inner):
+            if inner[i] == "\\" and i + 1 < len(inner):
+                result.append(inner[i + 1])
+                i += 2
+            else:
+                result.append(inner[i])
+                i += 1
+        return "".join(result)
+    return value
+
+
 class _TrustedHosts:
     """Container for trusted hosts and networks"""
 
@@ -172,3 +338,35 @@ class _TrustedHosts:
         # All hosts are trusted meaning that the client was also a trusted proxy
         # See https://github.com/Kludex/uvicorn/issues/1068#issuecomment-855371576
         return _parse_host_port(x_forwarded_for_hosts[0])
+
+    def get_trusted_forwarded_entry(self, forwarded: str) -> dict[str, str] | None:
+        """Extract the trusted hop entry from an RFC 7239 `Forwarded` header.
+
+        Mirrors `get_trusted_client_address`: walk hops from right and
+        return the first one whose `for=` is set, anchorable, and not in
+        the trust set. Entries with no `for=` or with placeholder values
+        (`unknown`, `_obfuscated`) cannot establish the client hop and
+        are filtered out before selection - returning one would attach a
+        stale `host=`/`proto=` to the request without a verifiable client.
+        Returns `None` when no anchorable hop exists.
+        """
+
+        anchorable = [
+            entry
+            for entry in _parse_forwarded(forwarded)
+            if (for_ := entry.get("for")) is not None and not _is_placeholder_for(for_)
+        ]
+        if not anchorable:
+            return None
+
+        if self.always_trust:
+            return anchorable[0]
+
+        for entry in reversed(anchorable):
+            host, _ = _parse_host_port(entry["for"])
+            if host not in self:
+                return entry
+
+        # All anchorable hops were trusted - fall back to the leftmost
+        # (original client, mirroring `get_trusted_client_address`).
+        return anchorable[0]